Term
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Definition
private, non-profit companies that obtain land for conservation
ex. TNC |
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Developing country develops environmental project,
NGO finances by buying loads to banks at bargain rate
still underlying issues of poverty and mismanagement
ex. Costa Rican conservation efforts |
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Definition
| to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct. |
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Definition
fragmentation exposing more habitats to edge leading to smaller habitats and smaller cores exposed to edge
ex. more light, temperature, wind exposure |
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Definition
| network of populations with interchange from fragmentation consisting of sink and source populations |
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Definition
increasing, reproducing
only exist from immigration |
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Definition
increased concentration in toxins as go up trophic levels
ex. pesticides |
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| trophic transfer efficiency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hypoxic due to eutrophication
algal blooms cloud water, prevent photosynthesis outcompete with decomposers for oxygen, can't sustain other life |
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| reactive and non-reactive nitrogen |
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Definition
denitrification by bacteria converts reactive to nonreactive
haber-bosh process massively converts nonreactive to reactive |
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Term
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Definition
from sulfur and nitric oxides. drops pH of rain to 2-5.
causes drops in calcification and fish death
from burning fossil fuels, and decreased pH of water bodies (from increased CO2)
amphibians sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
act as indicator of ecological impacts
lichens and metal pollution from airborne particles |
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Term
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Definition
timing of biological events
ex earlier breeding or birds, amphibians, blooms, changes in migration |
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Definition
nile perch fucked cichlids
asian carp fucked great lakes |
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Definition
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Term
| maximum sustainable yield |
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Definition
max yield that can by taken over an indefinite period
carrying capacity divided by 2
for max growth rates |
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Term
| catch per unit effort (CPUE) |
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Definition
estimate of abundance of target species
measure how many fish out there
effort-number ships, lines out, etc.
bias- doesn't account for tech advances in locating fish
-evolution of more efficient fishing gear
-doesn't account for changes in area
-doesn't count bycatch |
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Term
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Definition
economical discards- most profitable
regulatory- wrong species or size
collateral mortality- long lines kill bids turtles sawfish, sharks |
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Term
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Definition
chytrid fungus- lethal amphibian skin infection from pet trade
white nose syndrome- wake bats and exhaust/starve from tourism |
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Term
| minimum viable population |
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Definition
least amount of individuals having a high (99%) chance of surviving to the forseeable future (1000yrs)
bighorn sheep 50? |
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Term
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Definition
mating of closely related individuals
Depression- offspring getting same defective allele from both parents--> expression of shitty recessive trait, increased mortality, and sterility |
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Term
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Definition
mating of incompatible closely related subspecies
ex. horse + donkey = mule |
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Term
| Effective population size |
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Definition
| number of breeding individuals affected by demography (unequal sex ration, population fluctuation, and bottlenecks) |
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Term
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Definition
extreme decrease in population size
lose rare alleles and genetic variability
ex African Ngorongoro lions bottlenecked <20 individuals by biting fly outbreak. hit hard by disease again in 90's (canine distemper) |
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Term
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Definition
| few colonizing individuals-nonrandom incomplete set of genes |
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Term
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Definition
Provides universal guidelines for protection of species and ecosystems
50% of listed species are stable
Habitat conservation plans
continued monitoring of delisted species
longer on there, better chance of survival |
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Term
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Definition
50% listed species still declining
long waiting list to be listed (many could go extinct before listed)
reactive, not proactive (most species listed when at too low numbers)
"God Squad" can override listings (could be swayed by economic/political factors, lobbying)
not enough funding or buy-in from landowners |
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Term
| International treaty strengths |
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Definition
promote long term survival of international species or ecosystems
benefits are international (ecosystem services-medicine, agriculture)
success: montreal protocol- phase out production of CFCs. ozone predicted to recover by 2012 |
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Term
| International Treaty Weaknesses |
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Definition
Unequal benefit and unequal sacrifice (developing nations still going through industrialization have more to lose)
Depend on consensus of many countries--takes a while
member states choose enforcement- inconsistent effectiveness
Failure: Kyoto Protocol (1st world countries to cut carbon emissions 6-8% by 2012-US didn't sign)-global emissions have showed no signs of slowing down |
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Term
| Successful conservation program (4C's) |
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Definition
Concern- from donors and recipients
Capacity exists (information, equipment, skills)
Causes are addressed- rather than temporary symptom treatment
Contracts- mutually satisfactory, enforceable |
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Term
| Types/relative influence of Drivers of Extinction |
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Definition
Habitat Loss/degradation
Overexploitation
Invasive species (birds)
Disease and pollution (amphibians) |
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Term
Habitat loss and fragmentation relationship
(not really sure what she's lookin for) |
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Definition
Loss-->fragments habitats (direct/indirect losses from fragmetation)
Fragmentation (i.e. roads)--> significant core loss |
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Term
| Evidence of recent climate change |
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Definition
Hockey stick graphs (co2 correlate with climate)
Observed effects of CC- Increased Temperature/heat waves, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, earlier flowering of plants, earlier spring activity, shifts in species ranges, population declines |
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Term
| climate change on biodiversity |
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Definition
direct loss from shrinking and shifting ranges
Indirect from habitat degradation, ocean acidification, population declines, new species interactions
mortality- thermal stress (coral bleaching)
phenology- earlier breeding Pied flycatcher; earlier unfolding horse chestnut
17% decrease in corn/soybeans for every 1 degree increase in Celsius |
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Term
| Invasive Species Characteristics |
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Definition
Abundant and widely distributed in own range
early sexual maturity
high reproductive capacity
short generation time
rapid growth
gregariousness
wide environmental tolerance
broad diet
high genetic variability
natural mechanisms of rapid dispersal
commensal with human activity |
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Term
| How can disease lead to extinction |
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Definition
Persistence
- biotic reservoir (multiple host; spill over like canine distemper); disease tolerant
-abiotic reservoir- outside host (spore); alternate modes of survival
Rapid depletion of host
-high virulence (often with introductions)
-aggregations (high transmission rates
-->extinction risks associated with small populations |
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Term
| overfishing on Biodiversity |
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Definition
1. Decline in target species- decay curve; serial depletion; slower growing and later reproducing are more vulnerable
2. Bio Interactions: decrease average trophic level (pred/prey effect); change in size structure (smaller trophy fish in key west); trophic cascades (shark, stingray, oyster)
3. Physical impact of fishing gear (trawling destroys seagrass bed)
4. Bycatch- economic and regulatory discards, collateral mortality |
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Term
| Loss of genetic variation through genetic drift |
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Definition
| Loss of alleles due to chance Hg=1-(1/Ne) |
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Term
| Factors maintaining Genetic Diversity |
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Definition
Migration
Mutation
50/500: 50 individuals necessary to reduce genetic drift; 500 to produce enough mutation to compensate for variation lost to drift |
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Term
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Definition
Demographic factors:
Unequal sex ratio (chance, social behavior, harvest of 1 sex)
Population fluctuations
Bottlenecks |
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Term
| Demographic Stochasticity |
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Definition
Effects at level of organism
random differences among individuals in survival and reproduction |
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Term
| Environmental Stochasticity |
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Definition
Effects at level of population
more impact on extinction that demographic stochasticity
Changes in competitors, predators, prey abundance
changes in environment- natural disasters
population can die out even when increasing |
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Term
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Definition
Feedback of small populations more likely to further decrease
interaction of environmental, demographic and genetic gariation |
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Definition
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Term
| Atmospheric CO2 concentration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
50
case study bighorn sheep
but really more |
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Term
| Minimum population to reduce effects of genetic drift |
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Definition
| 50 according to "50/500" (but really 500) |
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Term
| International conflict on conservation |
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Definition
force people to unsustainably use resources
destroy habitats
siphon attention and resources from conservation projects- greater horned rhino in nepal |
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