Term
| What limits the size of a cell? |
|
Definition
| The ratio between the outer surface area and volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process where cells make a limited amount of ATP by converting glucose into other organic compounds in the basence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 9 levels of organization and examples of each? |
|
Definition
1. Atom - Ion
2. Molecule - Water Molecule
3. Macromolecule - DNA
4. Organelle - Endoplasmic Reticulum
5. Cell - Nerve Cell
6. Tissue - Bascular Tissue
7. Organ - Stomach
8. Organ System - Digestive System
9. Organism - Human |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of fermentation and the by-products of each? |
|
Definition
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation - Lactic Acid
2. Alcoholic Fermentation - Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biochemical pathway that breaks down Acetyl CoA, producing Carbon Dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A German physician that reasoned cells come from other cells. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Matthias Schleiden? |
|
Definition
| A German botanist that said all plants are made up of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Enlgish scientist that observed cork through a microscope. Observed dead cells. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek? |
|
Definition
| A Dutch microscope maker that was the first to observe living cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A German zoologist that observed all animals are composed of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An American scientist who worked out the details of dark reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Data that doesn't use numbers and has to do with the quality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The power to show details clearly. |
|
|
Term
| What is the power of magnification? |
|
Definition
| The factor of enlargment in microscopes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of the atom. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subatomic particles? |
|
Definition
1. Electrons
2. Protons
3. Neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negatively charged atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A positively charged ion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in a cell are protons and neutrons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformally distributed in another substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The substance dissolved in a solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The substance that dissolves something. |
|
|
Term
| What is the universal solvent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The scale for comparing the relative concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions. |
|
|
Term
| What is activation energy? |
|
Definition
| The energy required for a chemical reaction to start and continue on it's own. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a mitochondrion? |
|
Definition
| It transfers energy from organic compoubds to ATP. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| It contains various organelles of a cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of a ribosome? |
|
Definition
| It aids in protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of the endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| It is the path which molecules move around the cell on. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
Definition
1. Rough E.R.
2. Smooth E.R. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
Definition
| It processes and packages. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| It digests proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, and RNA. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| It helps maintain the shape and size of a cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main components of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| Microfilaments and microtubules. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cilia and flagellum? |
|
Definition
| They assist in the movement of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nuclear matrix? |
|
Definition
| It helps the nucleus maintain its shape? |
|
|
Term
| What is the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
| The double membrane that surrounds the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A combination of DNA and protein in the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What are the chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| Densly packed coils of chromatin. |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclear pores? |
|
Definition
| Small holes in the nuclear envelope. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nucleolus? |
|
Definition
| It's where ribosomes are synthesized, |
|
|
Term
| What is active transport? |
|
Definition
| It's when cells move up their concentration gradients from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
|
|
Term
| What is passive transport? |
|
Definition
| When cells move down their concentration gradientfrom an area of lower concentraiton to an area of higher concentration. |
|
|
Term
| What is a carrier protein? |
|
Definition
| A protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases it's contents to the external environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the contractile vacuole? |
|
Definition
| The organelle in protists that expels water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule present in all living cells and acts as an energy source for all metabolic processes. |
|
|
Term
| What is a light reaction? |
|
Definition
1. The inital reaction in photosynthesis.
2. The absorption of light by photosystem I and II.
3. The passage of electrons across the electron transport chain.
4. The production of oxygen and NADPH.
5. The synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which Cabron Dioxide in converted into a carbohydrate. It is also called the Calvin Cycle. |
|
|
Term
| What is a colonial organism? |
|
Definition
| A collection of geneticallt identical cells that live together in a closely connected group. |
|
|
Term
| What is aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compoundss, which use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four steps of aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
1. Glycolysis.
2. Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA
3. Krebs Cycle
4. ETC |
|
|
Term
| How many molecules does each step of aerobic respiration produce? |
|
Definition
1. Glycolysis - 2
2. Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA - 0
3. Krebs Cycle - 2
4. ETC - 34
Total - 38 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the longest step in the scientific method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sodium potassium pump do? |
|
Definition
| It transports sodium and potassium up their concentration gradients. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dissociation of water? |
|
Definition
| When water is broken down into two ions of oppostie charge. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hydronium ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hydroxide ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four properties of an acid? |
|
Definition
1. There are more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions.
2. It tastes sour
3. It turns litmus paper red.
4. Has a pH From 0-6 |
|
|
Term
| What are four properties of a base? |
|
Definition
1. There are more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.
2. They taste bitter.
3. They turn litmus paper blue.
4. They have a pH between 8 and 14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stable internal conditions of a living thing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the cell theory? |
|
Definition
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the main building block of life.
3. All cells come from other cells. |
|
|
Term
| What scientists contributed to the cell theory? |
|
Definition
1. Theodor Schwann
2. Matthias Schleiden
3. Rudolf Virchow |
|
|
Term
What are the base units in SI for:
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time
4. Electric Current
5. Thermodynamic Temperature
6. Amount of a Substance
7. Luminous Intensity |
|
Definition
1. Length - Meter
2. Mass - Kilogram
3. Time - Seconds
4. Electric Current - Ampere
5. Thermodynamic Temperature - Kelvin
6. Amount of a Substance - Mole
7. Luminous Intensity - Candela |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Units produced by mathematical relationship between two base units or two derived units. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scanning Electron Microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission Electron Microscope |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between SEM and TEM. |
|
Definition
1. With a TEM, specimens are sliced and a beam of electrons is transmitted through it; With an SEM, the specimen is not sliced and it is covered witha metal coating and produces 3D images.
2. TEM can view up to about 500,000 X ; SEM can get up to 200,00 X.
3. Neither can view living specimens. |
|
|
Term
| What is an exergonic reaction? |
|
Definition
| A reaction that involves a net release of free energy. |
|
|
Term
| What is an endergonic reaction? |
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction that involved a net absorption of free energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bond formed by electrical attraction between two oppositely chraged ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance used to neutralize small amounts of acids and bases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A catalyst, usually a protein, in living things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction, but it is not a reactant. |
|
|
Term
| What does selectively permeable mean? |
|
Definition
| Certain things can pass through and leave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that makes its own food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that relies on other organisms or their by-products for food. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three additional organelles in plants cell (not found in animal cells) and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
1. Cell Wall - It supports and protects the cell.
2. Vacuole - It stores enzymes and metabolic wastes.
3. Plastid - It stores starches fats; and contains pigments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of osmosis; what is the net movement of water in each? |
|
Definition
1. Hypotonic - Water moves in the cell.
2. Hypertonic - Water moves out of the cell.
3. Isotonic - There is no movement of water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of molecules from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When water leaves a cell and the cell shrinks away from the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pressure water molecules exert against a cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of endocytosis? |
|
Definition
1. Pinocytosis
2. Phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of lrage molecules, or solids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four accessory pigments and the colors they give off. |
|
Definition
1. Chlorophyll B - Green
2. Carotenoids - Orange
3. Xanthophyll - Yellow
4. Phycobilin - Red *** |
|
|
Term
| What is the main pigment, and what color does it give off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of chemical compounds whose electronsg et excited when solar radiations hit them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an accessory pigment do? |
|
Definition
| It assists chlorophyll ain capturing light energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the colors in the visible light spectrum in order? |
|
Definition
Ultraviolet
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Infrared |
|
|
Term
| What is the visible light spectrum? |
|
Definition
| The portion od sunlight perceived by the human eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of an element that has the same chemical formula, with a different amount of electrons. |
|
|
Term
| What is a functional group? |
|
Definition
| A structural building block that determines the characteristics of a chemical compund. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound consisting of a repeated link of monomers. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of energy? |
|
Definition
1. Thermal
2. Chemical
3. Kinetic
4. Electrical |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of an endergonic reaction? |
|
Definition
1. Glowstick
2. Photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of an exergonic reaction? |
|
Definition
1. Lighting a match
2. Cellular Respiration |
|
|
Term
| What is an excellent buffer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two colonial organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of organic compounds? |
|
Definition
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids |
|
|
Term
| Who started the theory of endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What builds and breaks apart polymers? |
|
Definition
Builds - Dehydration
Breaks Apart - Hydrolysis |
|
|
