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Midterm 3 review
ch 12, 13, 15
55
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/19/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
LAD
Definition

Noam Comsky, language acquisition device,

Set of innate mental mechanisms that allow a child to acquire language (nature)

Term
morpheme
Definition
smallest meaningful units in language, un--happy--ness
Term
phonemes
Definition
elementary vowel sounds
Term
grammar
Definition
how phonemes can be arranged to make morphemes, includes rules of phonology
Term
critical period
Definition

Period in which if something does not happen/is not learned/or experienced it will not be a part of a child’s development

Critical period for language seems to be the first 10 years of life

Term
inborn abilities for language
Definition
nativists, chomsky, LAD, first 10 years of life
Term
socialization
Definition
learning about a culture's values, morals, and manners through other people.
Term
Kohlberg stages
Definition

preconventional level: stage 1-punishment and obedience, stage 2- pleasure seeking,

conventional level: good girl, authority

post-conventional: social contract, morality of universal principles

Term
benefits of water birthing
Definition
speeds up labor, less pain, more control, lower blood pressure, relaxation, reduces needs for drugs and intervention
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition

We tend to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others

We are especially likely to commit the FAE when explaining others’ bad behavior

Term
attributions
Definition

Set of social cognitions that are used to assign reasons to people’s behaviors

Use to explain own behavior and others’ behavior

Term
internal attribution
Definition

dispositional/person, internal to the person, something characteristic of the person

Term
external attribution
Definition

situational/environment, external to the person, something about the context

Term
info for making attributions
Definition

Consensus- would other people behave in the same way in a similar situation?

Consistency- does this person consistently perform this behavior in this situation?

Distinctiveness- how distinctive or unique is this behavior for this person?

harold kelley

Term
attributional biases
Definition

Fundamental attribution error

We tend to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others

We are especially likely to commit the FAE when explaining others’ bad behavior

Actor-observer bias

Tendency to view others’ behavior as being caused by dispositional factors, but our own behavior as being caused by situational factors

Our behavior- external attribution

Others’ behavior- internal attribution

Self-serving bias

Tendency to make internal attributions for our success and make external attributions for our failures

Strong motive to maintain a positive self-view

Term
tripartate model of attitudes
Definition
  •  
    •  
      •  
        • Affective- emotions toward object (feeling disgusted by UNC students)
        • Behavioral- how we behave toward the object (are you friendly when you meet someone from UNC)
        • Cognitive- thoughts and beliefs about object (do you believe that all UNC students are less intelligent than Duke students)
Term
persuasion
Definition
any attempt to change your attitude and thus your behavior
Term
trait
Definition

relatively permanent and enduring qualities—example, a consistent and long-lasting tendency to behave in a certain way (outgoing, shy, rude)

Term
social psychology
Definition
the study of how people view and are influenced by one another
Term
factor analysis
Definition
allows trait theorists to reduce these characteristics into a smaller, manageable set of mathematically defined factors
Term
self-actualization
Definition
individualistic cultures, ideocentric
Term
allocentric
Definition
collectivist cultures, highly concerned with personal relationships and promoting the interests of the group to which they belong
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
repression, denial, displacement, sublimation, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regresssion
Term
reaction formation
Definition
over reacting in the opposite way to the fear
Term
westernized personality theories
Definition
  •  
    • Psychoanalytic- emphasis on the interplay of mental forces
    • Humanistic- emphasize people’s conscious understanding of themselves and their capacity to choose their own path
    • Learning (social cognitive)- emphasize habitual thoughts learned in the social context
Term
Harlow and attachment
Definition
infant monkeys became more attached to soft inanimate surrogate than to wire, milk providing surrogate
Term
role of play
Definition
acquring skills, learning rules and acquiring self control
Term
scheme
Definition
mental blue print for action, shaking scheme for rattle
Term
incorporating or expanding schema
Definition

assimilation- new experiences are incorporated into existing schema

accomodation- existing schema expand or change to add new experience

Term
piaget theory
Definition

sensorimotor- foundation for acting on objects that are present, but not for thinking about objects that are absent

preoperational- ability to symbolize objects and events that are absent, don't think about reversible consequences

concrete operational- think about reversible consequences, conservation of substance, cause and effect, fact based

formal operational- principles can be applied to a wide variety of circumstances, hypothetical situations

 

Term
infants on looking at novel objects
Definition
babies gaze longer at new stimuli than familiar ones
Term
infants examining the world
Definition
wish to control environment, examine with mouth then hands and eyes, follow social cues
Term
social referencing
Definition
babies look at their caregivers' emotional expression s for clues about the possible danger of their own actions
Term
erikson theory
Definition
at each stage of life there are particular problems that must be solved through interactiosn with others, infants- problem developing sense of trust in others for care, children- control own actions, adolescence- identity crisis, establish new identity, establishing intimate, caring relationships and finding fulfillment in work are the maint ask of early and middle adulthood
Term
Hoffman's categories of discipline
Definition

induction- (favored) verbal reasoning, see from other person's point of view

power assertion- physical punishment, rewards or bribes

love withdrawal- disapproval of child, not just action

Term
gender differences in uncommitted sex
Definition
men are more eager, women pay the greater cost in bearing and rearing children
Term
occupational self direction
Definition
more democratic as parents, more intellectually flexible in all aspects of life, less conforming
Term
work and old age
Definition
enjoy thier work more than they did when they were younger, more concerned with day to day work and the social relationships associated with it
Term
socioemotional selectivity
Definition
carstensen, as people grow older, the become more concerned with enjoying the present and less concerned with preparing for the future
Term
sharing toys by age
Definition
12 months
Term
Frances Schachter
Definition
proposed that family members accentuate differences rather than similarity between siblings because they are trying to reduce sibling rivalry
Term
Bowlby on darwin
Definition
evolutionary basis for attachment, natural selection, gives higher chance of survival
Term
petty and cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model
Definition
we reserve our elaborative reasoning powers for messages taht seem most relvant to us and we rely on metnal shortcuts to evalutate messags taht seem less relvant, theory of persuasion
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
we have built in workings in our mind that create a feeling of discomfort when we sense inconsistencies among our attitudes
Term
stereotype
Definition
schema or organized set of knowledge and beliefs that we carry in our head about any group fo people 
Term
sociometer theory
Definition
self esteem acts as a meter to inform a person at any given time of the degree to which they are liked or accepted by others
Term
insufficient-justifcation effect
Definition
relieve dissonance by modifying or reversing their attitudes when they have behaved in a way that doesn't match previous beliefs
Term
implicit attitude
Definition
automatically, without conscious thought, influence our behavior toward the object, influence at the emotional level, formed through direct experience or repeated association
Term
parenting types
Definition

authoritarian- power assertion for obedience

authoritative- concerned that their children learn basic principles of right and wrong

permissive- don't attempt to correct child's wrong behavior

Term
self-actualization
Definition
process of realizing one's dreams and capabilities, growth need after 4 deficiency needs are met, Maslow
Term
self efficacy
Definition
people's beliefs about their own abilities to perform specific tasks, Bandura
Term
proximate explanations
Definition
explanations of behavior that state the immediate environmental conditions or the mechanisms within the individual that cause the behavior to occur
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