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Definition
relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
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| Thorndike's law of effect |
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Definition
if response is followed by a reward, it will be strengthened
if a response is followed by a punishment or no reward at all, it will be weakened |
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| unconditioned stimulus (hamburger) produces an unconditioned response (salivate), add conditioned stimuli (bell) to get conditioned response which resembles unconditioned response |
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| tempory return of extinguised response in classical conditioning |
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| reinforcement only after a certain number of correct responses |
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| reinforcement for first correct response after a certain number of correct responses |
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reinforcement after average number of trials or varying time interval
gambling |
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| response that always results in the strengthening of behavior |
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| response that produces something good |
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| response that results in removal of something (shock to foot) |
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| when an animal emits a response that is remotely close to the desired response they are rewarded |
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| "g" general ability, along with influence of g all tasks require specific abilities |
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CNS
PNS-somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
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carries infor from sensory receptors to the brain
carries messages form the brain and spinal cord to the muscles |
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| infor rom the sense organs and skeletal muscles |
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connected to motor neurons
visceral muscles
wiothout conscious control
affects heartrate, digestion, respiration |
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| controls bodily functions in an emergency situation |
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| conserves energy and helps you store energy |
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gap between neurons
excitatory- increase number of impulses triggered
inhibitory- decreases
influenced by number of impulses |
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Term
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Definition
released into synpase during excitatory impulse
fast acting- Glutamate, amino acids for excitatory, GABA for inhibitory
slow acting- neuropeptides like endorphines, biogenic amines like seratonin |
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Definition
| receives messages from other neurons |
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| carries info away from cell body |
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| branches that link the dendrites and soma of other neurons |
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Definition
| insulates and speeds conduction |
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Definition
| excitatory impulse causes neuron to get rid of negatively charged ions and take in more positively charged ones to increase charge of neuron, 30+ milivolts it fires and then releases neurotransmitters |
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Definition
info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
action potential at intersection of cell body and axon |
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Definition
carries info from sensory receptors to the brain
action potential triggered at dendridic ends |
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Definition
spinal cord joins brain
RAS- maintain consciousness, fibers control respiration and cardiac rhythm
cerebellum- body movement and balance
pons- wakefulness/sleep, relay info to and from cerebellum
medulla oblongata- connects spine to brain, heart rate blood pressure, breathing, automatic behaviours like sneezing |
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Term
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Definition
connects hindbrain and forebrain
info between brain and spinal cord
auditory and visual section |
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Definition
controls emotion, memory and thought
thalamus- incoming sensory info then sent to cortex
hypothalamus- controls autonomic nervous system, hunger, thirst, fear, body temp, reproduction
limbic system- emotionall reaction and memory (hippocampus new memories, amygdala is emotion)
cerebrum- higher function, executive branch |
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Definition
| analysis of info, extracting elements, controlling serial behavior such as language, logical and sequential tasks like math |
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Definition
two component theory
fluid intelligence- innate abilities more vulnerable to decline with age, inductive reasoning skills
crystallized intelligence- developed from cultural influences, less vulnerable to declince with age, vocabulary |
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Definition
| inductive reasoning, base judgements on how easily instances of a category come to mind, availability of memory equals frequency in the world |
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inductive reasoning
search for or interpret info which confirms our preconception |
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| arrive at predictions through induction even when events are random |
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deductive reasoning
premises are true but not logical |
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| using specific info to mke a general conclusion, finding a rule in a pattern |
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relationship between two things which may be unlike in some respects buy similar in at least one way
allow us to categorize, apply prior knowledge |
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| involve a crucial break through to give a new perspective on the problem, solvability can hardly be predicted, must break functional fixedness find analogy |
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| lose sensitivity to high frequencies more than to low frequencies |
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Definition
| stimulus in the environment genrates electrical charges in neurons |
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| 5 cell types in the retina |
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Definition
photoreceptors
horizontal cell
bipolar cell
amacrine cell
ganglion cell |
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Definition
| dim light, cannot see fine spatial detail, cannot see different colors, periphery, axon of many rods synapse onto one ganglion cell so we can see in dim light but reduces visual acuity |
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Definition
| in center (fovea) bright light, fine detail, color, synapses onto a single ganglion cell |
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| trichromatic theory of color vision |
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Definition
| three different types of cones, each sensitive to a different range of wavelengths, young and helmholtz |
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Definition
| invented candle tacs, matches board problem and defined functional fixedness |
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Definition
contains all visible wave lengths and some non visible wave lengths
law of complementarity- pairs of wavelengths can be found that when added together they produce the visual sensation of white |
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| stimulation of pain receptors |
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Definition
somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe to describe intensity and quality
insular cortex in frontal lobe- emotional and motivational response
prefrontal lobe- worrying about pain's meaning |
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Definition
| taste receptor cells, not directly on sensory neurons, 5 types of receptor cells, connected to limbic system and cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| pheremones tell when animal is ready to mate |
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Definition
| whole is greater than sum of its parts, people organize visual elements into groups when certain principles are applied |
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Definition
nervous system is predisposed to to respond to patterns according to these rules
proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, common movement, good form |
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Definition
conduction deafness- ossicles of middle ear become rigid and cannot carry sound inward from tympanic membrance to cochlea
sesnorineural deafness- damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerves |
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| differene threshold- minimal difference in magnitude or intensity between two stimuli that is required for a person to detect them as different |
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Definition
bind to sites on neurons in PAG in midbrain to increase its neural activity which reduces pain
neurotransmitter or hormone
act on pain carrying neurons that enter spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
acts as a funnel to direct sound waves to inner structures
pinna- ear flap
ear canal |
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Definition
three small bones (ossicles) that amplify sound
hammer-malleus
anvil-incus
stirrup-stapes
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Definition
transduce sound into neural response
semi circular canals, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells |
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Definition
| cage with lever that animal can operate to produce immediate effect |
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individual vowel and consonant sounds that make up words
illusion of hearing missing sound |
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Definition
eye convergence when an object is closer to you
binocular disparity- degree of disparity between the two eyes' view judges distance (stereopsis)
monocular- motion parallax move head back and forth to achiev binocular disparity
occlusion, realtive image size for familiar objects, linear perspective (convergence of parallel lines), texture gradient, position relative to horizon, different lighting of surfaces |
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