Home > Flashcards > Archaeology > MIDTERM 2 - ANT104

Details Title: MIDTERM 2 - ANT104 Description: ROSIEEE ROCKKSSS!! Total Flash Cards: 44 Created: 11/17/2007 13:06:23	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term FREQUENCY SERIATION (ALSO KNOW EXAMPLE) Definition LOOKS AT RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT ARTIFACT TYPES IN ASSEMBLAGES EXAMPLE: JAMES DEETZ'S STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE 18TH-19TH CENTURY OF N.E. GRAVESTONE DESIGNS. THE OLD GRAVESTONE (CHERUB) -- POPULAR IN THE 17TH CENTURY BUT DIMINISHED IN THE 18TH CENTURY. Term RADIOMETRIC ESTIMATES Definition STATISTICAL ESTIMATE OF MOST ACCURATE DATA Term WHAT TYPE OF PATTERN DO RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF ARTIFACTS SHOW? Definition THE "BATTLESHIP CURVE" PATTERN (GRAPH ON SECOND PAGE OF PHOTOBUCKET DOCUMENTS!) Term ABSOLUTE DATING Definition MEASURED UNITS OF TIME (RADIOCARBON IS MOST COMMON) Term ORDINAL SCALE Definition ITEM "A" YOUNGER THAN ITEM "B" YOUNGER THAN ITEM "C." ORDER OF EVENTS IN TIME, BUT DOES NOT TELL HOW OLD IN MEASURED UNITS OF TIME. Term DENDRO CHRONOLOGY Definition RINGS IN TRUNK OF TREES - MEASURES TIME IN ANNUAL MEASUREMENTS   -also helpful for telling us about climate change  Term BIOSTRATIGRAPHY (GIVE GOOD/BAD EXAMPLES) Definition INDEX FOSSILS USED TO CORRELATE SEDIMENTS FROM CLIFF DEPOSITS, NOT ALL SPECIES MAKE GOOD INDEX FOSSILS. EXAMPLE: AFRICAN PIGS: GOOD INDEX FOSSILS HIPPOS: BAD INDEX FOSSILS DOG (DOMESTIC): GOOD INDEX FOSSILS CAT (DOMESTIC): BAD INDEX FOSSILS Term OCCURANCE SERIATION Definition LOOKS AT PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF PARTICULAR INDEX FOSSIL ARTIFACTS Term VERTEBRATE FOSSILS Definition ANIMSL AND PLANTS IN SAME ASSEMBLAGE Term DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELATIVE DATING TECHNIQUES Definition -BIOSTRATIGRAPHY - INDEX FOSSILS USED TO  CORRELATE SEDIMENTS FROM CLIFF DEPOSITS, NOT ALL SPECIES MAKE GOOD INDEX FOSSILS   -OCCURANCE SERIATION - LOOKS AT PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF PARTICULAR INDEX FOSSIL ARTIFACTS   -FREQUENCY SERIATION - LOOKS AT RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT ARTIFACT TYPES IN ASSEMBLAGES Term PILTDOWN HOAX Definition FOUND IN POMPEII PREMISE - THOUGHT TO HAVE FOUND EARLY HUMAN SKULL, BUT IT WAS REALLY AN ORANGUTAN JAW BONE PUT ON A MODERN HUMAN SKULL. ARCHAEOLOGIST ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD IS CORRELATED WITH THIS EVENT Term CORRELATING STRATIGRAPHY Definition HELPS YOU ESTABLISH THE RELATIVE AGES OF DIFFERENT SITES. LINES INDICATE EQUIVALENT STRATA ON DIFFERENT SITES. BEST CLUES ARE CULTURAL AND GEOLOGICAL. Term FIRST STEP OF ORGANIZING ARTIFACTS CHRONOLOGICALLY Definition PLACING ASSEMBLAGES IN SEQUENCE (ORDINAL SCALE) Term STRATIGRAPHY Definition THE PRINCIPLES OF SUPER-POSITION. NUMBER OF LEVELS FROM THE SURFACE DOWN. IN AN EXCAVATING SITE, YOU RESERVE THE PRINCIPLE. OLDER SEDIMENTS DISPLACED UPWARD BY EXCAVATION, STATIGRAPHY IN THE ORDER IS REVERSED Term RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY Definition HOW OLD THINGS ARE IN RELATION TO OTHER ARTIFACTS, ASSEMBLAGES. Term ABSOLUTE DATING Definition EXACT MEASURED AMOUNT OF TIME Term PERIODIZATION Definition DIVISION OF TIME INTO DISCRETE BLOCKS (THIS IS CONTINUOUS) Term WHY USE PROBABILISTIC SAMPLING IN RECONNAISSANCE? Definition LITTLE KNOW ABOUT RESEARCH, NO SPECIFIC TYPE, NEED GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CONTENTS OF RESEARCH AREAS. GOOD EXAMPLE: RECONNAISSANCE OF THE WESTERN NEGEU MILITARY RESERVATION. Term JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING (AND EXAMPLE) Definition SOME DATA HAS BETTER CHANCE OF BEING DISCOVERED THAN OTHERS. EXAMPLE: DENNIS PULESTON USES OCCURENCE OF EXOTIC HIGHLAND RAMON NUT TREES (DONT GROW IN LOWLAND AREAS) TO GUIDE HIS RESEARCH FOR LOWLAND MAYA SITES IN NORTHERN BELIZER Term PROBABILISTIC SAMPLING Definition EVERY DATA HAS EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING DISCOVERED (CAN INFER PARAMETER OF LARGER UNSAMPLED POPULATION) Term FIELD WORK AND THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH IT Definition - DIFFICULT, EXPENSIVE, DANGEROUS, POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE. - MUST HAVE RESEARCH PLAN AND FUNDING BEFORE YOU CAN START, NO DIFFERENT BETWEEN EXCAVATING A SITE AND NOT PUBLISHING IT AND LOOTING IT (NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOOTING A SITE AND NOT PUBLISHING YOUR RESEARCH.) SAMPLING: CANT EXCAVATE EVERYTHING AND NOT EVERYTHING IS PRESERVED. Term RECONNAISSANCE Definition LOOKING FOR SITES (NEAR RIVERS, CAVES, ETC.) Term EXCAVATION Definition DESTRUCTIVE. CHOICE OF EXCAVATION DRIVEN BY RESEARCH QUESTIONS Term AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT ON FIELDWORK / LAB WORK PROVIDE PROFESSOR SHEA'S PERSONAL EXAMPLE Definition FIELDWORK ACCOUNTS FOR A TINY FRACTION OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS TIME SPENT. EXAMPLE: PROFESSOR SHEA IN 2005 SPENT 8 WEEKS IN ETHIPIA (15%) 30 WEEKS TEACHING, WRITING (58%) 14 WEEKS WRITING AND ANALYZING (26%) TIME IN LAB IS MUCH GREATER THAN TIME IN FIELD. Term CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS VS ARCHAEOLOGISTS Definition CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS DO FIELDWORK ALONE, WHILE ARCHAEOLOGISTS DO FIELDWORK IN GROUPS. Term CULTURE SHOCK Definition MOVE INTO DIFFERENT CULTURE, EXPECTATIONS ARE DIFFERENT. SAMPLES OF CULTURE SHOCK: DRIVES PEOPLE CRAZY, LEARN THE CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE THAT YOU'RE DEALING WITH Term CULTURE SHOCK: 4TH WEEK SYNDROME Definition WANTING TO KILL THE PEOPLE THAT YOURE LIVING WITH Term LAB PHOTOGRAPHY Definition SMALL AND VALUABLE ARTIFACTS. MANY REQUIRE ONE MAKING A SYSTEMATIC PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF ALL FINDS. EXAMPLE: STONE AGE EXCAVATIONS - REQUIRE MANY MEASUREMENTS OF STONE TOOLS.   -must be sure to include a scale object  Term LAB CONSERVATION Definition OBJECTS THAT MIGHT DECAY RAPIDLY MUST BE STABILIZED IN THE FIELD LAB Term CONSERVATION IN FIELD Definition PREPAIRING THE FOSSILS SKULL AND A HIPPO FOR TRANSPORT FROM UBEIDIYA TO THE HERBREW UNIVERSITY Term WET SERVIING Definition LARGE SCALE OPERATION IN EXCAVATION (SEDIMENTS PEEL AWAY FROM ARTIFACT IN WATER) Term FIELD LAB Definition CLEANING AND REGISTRATION OF FIELDS. ALL FIELDS MUST BE CLEANED, CATALOGUED AND LABELED. CONSERVING AND REGISTERING FINDS. MEASURING AND DRAWING ARTIFACTS. Term FLOATATIONS Definition RECOVERING ORGANIC REFORMS BY PUTTING SEDIMENTS IN WATER IN SCREENING PLANT MATTER ON SURFACE, LIGHT/HEAVY FRACTIONS OF PALEO-ENTHROBOTARY (SPELLING? HAHA) SOIL SAMPLES BEING WET SERVED, THIS CAN ONLY BE DONE IF THERE IS A STEADY SUPPLY OF WATER NEARBY. PICKING THROUGH LIGHT AND HEAVY FRACTIONS, PALEOBOTONICAL REMAINS ARE EXAMINED WITH A MICROSCOPE IN A LAB. Term SCREENING SEDIMENTS Definition MANY ARTIFACTS, ECOFACTS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE DETECTED DURING EXCAVATION. SCREENING SEDIMENTS WITH CLOTH-MESH HELPS ARCHAEOLOGIST RECOVER SMALL FINDS EFFECT ON DIFFERENT SCREEN MESH SIZES ON ARTIFACTS RECOVERY Term EXCAVATION AND PROVENIENCE Definition EXCAVATION DESTROYS PROVENIENCE, ONCE MEASURED PROVENIENCE CAN NEVER BE RECONSTRUCTED WITH ANY GREATER ACCURACY. IF PROVENIENCE WAS NEVER MEASURED, AN OBJECT "LACKS CONTENT" - IT IS WORTHLESS TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS Term FIELD PHOTOGRAPHY Definition RECORD FEATURES AND STRUCTURES BEFORE THEY ARE DISTURBED BY EXCAVATION EXAMPLE: BRONZE AGE BURIAL FOR PHOTOGRAPHY, NEED A CALL TO KNOW THE KNOWN SIZE OF THE OBJECT IN PHOTO. PHOTOS W/O SCALE: LITTLE SCIENTIFIC VALVE Term PROVENIENCE Definition SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDUES IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Term DATUM Definition POINT FROM WHICH ALL MEASUREMENTS ORIGINATE Term AUGER-CORE Definition METAL TUBE THAT POSTED INTO GROUND WHICH REMOVES CYLINDRIL SAMPLE OF SOIL Term WHEELER-KENY ON EXCAVATION STRATEGY Definition MAXIMIZES RECOVERY OF STRATIGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. UNEXCAVATED SECTION = BULK. DOES NOT WORK WELL ON LEVELS DEEPLY BURIED. ** WORKS ON SHALLOW SITES Term EXCAVATION STRATEGIES: DECAPAGE OR HORIZONTAL EXPOSURE Definition DESIGNED TO OBTAIN DATA ABOUT SPATIAL VARIATION IN RESIDUES FROM THE SAME LEVEL. Term EXCAVATION TOOLS THAT PROFESSOR SHEA USED IN ETHIOPIA Definition STRING, METER TAPES, MARSHALLTOWN TROWEL (?), ROCK HAMMER, DUST PAN, NOTEBOOK AND PENCIL, AK-47, "STUDENT BE GOOD" STICKS Term MOST IMPORTANT TOOL IN EXCAVATION Definition NOTEBOOK (USED FOR ELEVATION AND STRATIGRAPHY, ETC.) AND PENCIL Term EXCAVATION STRATEGIES: SONDAGE OR "SOUNDING TRENCH" Definition USED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT STRATIGRAPHY CUT THREE DIFFERENT LAYERS AND GIVES SMALL SAMPLE OF DIFFERENT LAYERS. SEQUENCE OF LAYERS BUT MAKE DISTRIBUTIONS OF REMAINS (TELLS US ABOUT TIME)