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Definition
| attainment of organizational goals in an effective and effiecient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources. |
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| a social entity that is goal-directed and deliberately structured. (social entity = more than one person). |
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| extent to which the organization achieves a stated goal, or succeeds in accomplishing what it tries to. |
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| amount of resources used to achieve an organizational goal. Based on how much raw materials, money and people are necessary for producing a given volume. |
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| ulitimate responsibility of managers. The attainment of organizational goals by using resources in an efficient and effective manner. |
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| involved directly in promoting products, approving packaging sleeves, and organizing sampling events. |
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| works with employees to develop marketing campaigns for some of the entertainments company's hottest firms. |
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| A set of expectations for a managers' behavior. |
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| ethnically and racially generational |
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| an organizational climate that values experimentation and risk taking, applies current technology, tolerates mistakes and failure, and rewards nontraditional thinking and the sharing of knowledge. |
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| collaborative relationships |
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Definition
| staying connected to employees and customers. |
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Definition
| the ability to work with and though other people and to work effectively as a group member. |
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| unleashing the power an d creativity of employees by giving them the freedom, resources, information, and skills to make decisions and perform effectively. |
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| the work an organization does by using electronic linkages (including the Internet) with customers, partners, suppliers, employees, or other key constituents. |
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| refers specifically to business exchanges or transactions tat occur electronically. |
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| sell products and services to consumers over the Internet |
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| electronic transactions between organizations |
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| managing the sequence of suppliers and purchasers, covering all stages of processing from obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers. |
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Definition
| an Internet based business acts as an intermediary between and among customers |
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| swapping music, movies, software, and other files |
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Term
| enterprise resource planning (ERP) |
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Definition
| systems that weave together all of a compant's major business functions, such as order processing, product design, purchasing inventory, manufacturing, distribution, human resources, receipt of payments, and forecasting of future demand. |
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Definition
| efforst to systematically find, organize, and make available a company's intellectual capital and to foster a culture of continuous learning and knowledge sharing so that a company's activities build on what is already known. |
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| customer relationship management (CRM) |
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Definition
| systems that collect and manage large amounts of data about customers and make them available to employees, enabling better decision making and superior customer service. |
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| contracting out selected functions or activities to other organizations that can do the work more cost-efficiently |
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| those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people. |
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| the unwritten, common riles and perceptions about relationships among people and between employees and management. |
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| the influence of political and legal institutions on people and organizations |
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| the availability, production, and distribution of resources in a society. |
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| a management perspective that emerged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that emphasized a rational, scientific approach to the study of management and sought to make organizations efficient operating machines. |
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| precise procedures developed after careful study of individual situations |
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| administrative principles |
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Definition
| the design and functioning of the organization as a whole. |
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| human resources perspective |
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Definition
| combines prescriptions for design of job tasks with theories of motivation |
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| behavioral sciences approach |
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Definition
| a subfield of humanistic management perspective that applies social science in an rgainzational context drawing from economics, psychology and other disciplines. |
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Definition
| one thing depends on other things, and for organizations to be effective, there must be a "goodness of fit: between their structure and the conditions in their external environment. |
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| total quality management (TQM) |
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Definition
| focuses on managing the total organization to deliver quality to customers |
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Term
| organizational environment |
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Definition
| all elements existing outside the organization's boundaries that have the potential to affect the organization. |
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| the layer of the external environment that affects the organization indirectly |
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| the layer of external environment that directly influences the organization's operations and performance |
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Definition
| the environment that includes the elements within the organization's boundaries. |
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| the portion of the external environment that represents events originating tin foreighn countries, as well as opportunities for U.S. companies in other countries. |
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| the dimension of the general environment that includes scientific and technological advancements in the industry and society a large |
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| the dimension of the general environment representing the demographic, characteristcs, norms, customs, and values of the population within which the organization operates. |
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| the dimension of the general environment represeiting the overall economic health of the country or region in which the organization operates |
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| legal-political dimension |
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Definition
| the dimension of the general environment that includes federal, state, and local government regulations and political activities designed to influence company behavior. |
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Definition
| an interest group taht works within the legal-poitical framework to influence companies to behave in socially responsible ways |
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| people and organizations in the environment who acquire goods or services from the organization |
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| people available for hire by the orgaization |
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| roles assumed by people and/or departments that link and coordinate the organization with key elements in the external environment. |
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| the combining of two or more organizations into one |
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| a strategic alliance or program by two or more orgaizations |
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Definition
| the set of key values, beliefs, understandings, and norms that members or an organization share |
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Definition
| a planned activity at a special event that is conducted for the benefit of an audience |
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Definition
| a culture characterized by values that support the company's ability to interpret and translate signals from the environment into new behavior responses. |
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Definition
| a results, oriented culture that values, competitiveness, personal initiative, and achievement |
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| a culture that places high value on meeting the needs of employees and values cooperation and equality |
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Definition
| a culture that values and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way of doing things |
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| a culture based on a solid organizational mission or purpose in which adaptive values guide decisions and business practices and encourage individual employee ownership of both bottom-line results and the organization's culture backbone. |
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| a manager who uses signals and symbols to influence corporate culture |
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Definition
| an entry strategy in which the organization maintians its proucation facilitates within its home country and transfers its products for sale in foreign countries |
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Definition
| an entry strategy in which an organization in one country makes certain resources available to companies in another to be able to participate in the production and sale of its products abroad. |
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| an entry strategy in which the organization is involved in managing its production facilitates in a foreign country |
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| organizational strategies for entering a foreign market |
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Definition
| the barter of products for other products rather than their sale for currency |
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| a form of liscensing in which an orgainzation provides its foreign franchises with complete package of materials and services |
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Definition
| the management of business operations conducted in more than one country |
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Definition
| a country's physical facilities that support economic activities |
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Definition
| the rate at which one country's currency is exchanged for another country's |
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| a company's risk of loss of assets, earning power, or managerial control as a result of politically based events or actions by host governments. |
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Definition
| events such as riots, revolutions, or goverment upheavals that affect the operations of an International company |
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Definition
| the degree to which people accept inequality in power among institutions, organizations, and people |
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| a value characterized by people's intolerance for ambiguity and the resulting support for beliefs that promise certainty and conformity |
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Definition
| a preference for a looselt knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves |
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Definition
| a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals look after one another and organizations protect their member's interests. |
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Definition
| acultural preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, work centrailty, and material success |
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Definition
| a cultural preference for relationships, cooperation, group decision making, and quality of life |
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Definition
| a greater concern for the future and high value on meeting social obligations |
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| a concern with the past and present and a high value on meeting social obligations |
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| a cultural attitude market by the tendency to regard one's own culture as superior to others. |
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| a term describing a GATT clause that calls for member countries to grant other member countries the most favorable treatment they accord any country concerning imports and exports |
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| cultural intelligence (CQ) |
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Definition
| a person's ability to use reasoning and observation skills to interpret unfamiliar gestures and situations and devise appropriate behavioral responses |
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Definition
| feelings of confusion, disorientation, and anxiety that result from being immersed in a foreign culture. |
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| the code of moral principles and values that govern the beviors of a person or group with respect to what is right or wrong |
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| a situation that arises when all alternative choices or behaviors are deemed undesirable becuase of potentially negative consequences, making it difficult to distinguish right from wrong |
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| the ethical concept that moral behaviors produce the greatest good for teh greatest number |
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Definition
| the ethical concept that ? are moral when they promost the individual's best long-term interests, which ultimately leads to greater good |
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| the ethical concept that moral decisions are those that best maintian the rights of those people affected by them. |
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| the ethical concept that moral decisions must be based on stanrds of equity, fairness, and impartially. |
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Definition
| the concept that different treatment or people should not be based on arbitrary charcteristics. in the case of substantice differences, [people should be treated differently in proportion to the difference among them. |
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Definition
| the concept that rules should be clearly stated and consistently and impartially enforced |
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Definition
| the concept that individuals should be compensated for the cost of their injuries by the party responsible and aslo that individuals should not be held responsible for matters over which they have no control |
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| corporate social responsibility |
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Definition
| the obligation of organization management to make decisions and take actions that will enhance the welfare and interests of society as well as the organization |
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Definition
| economic development that meets the needs of the current population while preserving the environment for the needs of future generations |
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| discretionary responsibility |
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Definition
| organizational responsibility that is voluntray and guided by teh organizations's desire to make social contributions not mandated by economics, law, or ethics |
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| a formal statement of the organization's values regarding ethics and social issues |
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| a group of executives assigned to oversee the organization's ethics by ruling on questionable issues and disciplining violators. |
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| training programs to help employees deal with ethical questions adn values |
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Definition
| the disclosure by an employee or illegal, immoral, or illegitimate practices by the organization |
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| desired future state that the organization attempts to realize |
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| a blueprint specifying the resource alocations, schedules, and other actions necessary for attaining goals |
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| the organization's reason for existence |
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| broad statetments of where the organization wants to be in the future. |
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| goals that define the outcomes that major divisions and departents must achieve for the organization to reach its overall goals |
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Definition
| plans designed to help execute major strategic plans and to accomplis specific part of the company's research |
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Definition
| specific, measurable results expected from departments, work groups, and individuals within the organization |
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Definition
| plans developed at the organization's lower levels that specify action steps toward acheiving operational goals and that support tactical planning activities |
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| management by objectives (MBO) |
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Definition
| a method of management whereby managers and employess define goals for ever department, prjoect adnd person and use them to monitor subsequent performance |
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Definition
| plans that are developed to achieve a set of goals that are unlikely to be repeated in the future |
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| ongoing plans taht are used to provide guidance fot taks performed repeatedly within the organization |
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| plans that define the company responses to specific situations sucj as emergencies , setbacks, or unexpected conditions |
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Definition
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Definition
| a specific type of planning in for-profit busniess organizations, typically pertains to competitive actions in the marketplace |
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Definition
| plan of action that describes resource allocation and activities for dealing with the environment, achieving a competitive advantage, and attaining the organization's goals |
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| what sets the organization apart from others and provides it with a distinctive edge for metting customer needs in the marketplace |
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| something the organization does especially well in comparions |
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| a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone |
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| the combination of benefits recieved and cost paid |
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Definition
| new entrants, competitiors, suppliers, customs, rivarly |
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Definition
| an attempt to distinguisg the firm's products or services from others in teh industry |
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Definition
| an aggressive attempt to see efficient facilitices pursue cost reductios, and use tight cost controls to prduce products more effieciently than competitors |
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Definition
| concentration on a specific regional market or buyer group |
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| the ability to be able to influence people to adobt new dehaviors |
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Definition
| a choice made from available alternatives |
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Definition
| the process of identifying problems and opportunities and then resolving them |
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Definition
| a decision made in response to a situation that has occured often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future |
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Definition
| a decision make in response to a situation that is unique, is poorly defined, and largely unstructured, ad has important consequences for the organization |
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Definition
| the situation in which all the information the decision maker needs is fully available |
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Definition
| a situation in which a decision has clear-cut goals, and good information is available, but the future outcomes associated with each alternative are subject to chance |
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Definition
| the situation that occurs when managers know which goals they want to achieve but information bout alternatives and future events is incomplete |
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Definition
| a condition in which the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavialable. |
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Definition
| a decisionm-making model based on the assumption that managers should make logical decisions that will be in the organization's best economic interests |
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Definition
| an approach that dines how a decision maker should make decisions and provides guidlines for reaching an ideal outcome for the organization |
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Definition
| a decision-making model that describes how managers actually make decisions in situations characterized by non-programmed decisions, uncertainty, and ambiguity |
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Definition
| the concept that peopl ehave the time and cognitive ability to process only a limited amount of information on which to base decisions |
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Definition
| to choose the first solution alternatie that satisfies minimal decision criteria, regardless of whether better solutions are presumed to exist |
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| an approach that describes how managers actually make decisions rather than how they should |
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Definition
| the immediate comprehension of a decisions situation based on past experience but without conscious thought |
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Definition
| an informal alliance among managers who support a specific goal |
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Definition
| a situation in which organizational accomplishments have fialed to meet established goals |
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Definition
| a situation in which managers see potential organizational accomplishments that exceed current goals |
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Definition
| the step in the decision-making process in which managers analyze underlying casual factors associated with the decision situation |
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Definition
| the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff |
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Definition
| the step in the decision-making process that involves using managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to translate the chosen alternative into action |
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Definition
| differences among people with respect to how they perceive problems and make decisions |
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Definition
| a model designed to help managers gauge the amount of subordinate participation in decision making |
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Definition
| a decision-making technique in which an indiviual is assigned the role of challenging the assumptions and assertions made by the group to prevent premature consensus |
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Definition
| a decision-making technique in which people are assigned to express competing points of view |
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| operatins information system |
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Definition
| a computer-based information system that supports a company's day-to-day operations |
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| transacting-processing system (TPS) |
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Definition
| a type of operations information system that records and processes data resulting from routine business transactions such as sales purchases, and payroll |
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Definition
| a computer system that monitors and controls ongoing physical processes, such as a temperature or pressure changes |
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Definition
| systems that combine modern hardware and software to handle the tasks of publishing and distributing information |
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| management information system (MIS) |
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Definition
| a computer-based system that provides information and support for effective managerial decision making |
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Definition
| an internal communications system that uses the technology and standrds of the internet but is only accessible ony to poeple within teh organization |
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| electronic data interchange (EDI) |
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Definition
| network that links the computer systems of buyers and sellers to allow the transmission of structured date primarily for ordering, distribution, and payables and recievables |
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Definition
| an electronic marketplace set up by an intermediary where buyers and sellers meet |
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| customer relationship management (CRM) system |
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Definition
| systems that help companies track customers' interactions with the firm and allow employees to call up information on past transactions |
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| knowledge management portal |
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Definition
| a single point for access for employees to multiple sources of information that provides personalized access on the corporate intranet |
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