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The period of European history between the collapse of Rome and the Renaissance, lasting roughly from a.d. 500 to 1450 |
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| King of the Franks (from A.D. 768) who conquered much of Europe and spread Christianity in the conquered regions |
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| A place where members of a religious order practice a life of prayer and worship |
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| The political and social system of the Middle Ages in Europe, in which lords gave land to vassals in exchange for service and loyalty |
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| A powerful landholding noble |
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| A peasant farmer in feudal society, who labored for a noble in exchange for protection and certain rights |
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| The estate of a feudal noble, usually including a fortified building or castle |
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| The series of campaigns, ending in A.D. 1492, by which Christian armies drove Muslim rulers out of Spain |
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| A court established by the Roman Catholic Church in A.D. 1542 to investigate people who may have strayed from the Roman Catholic faith and to strengthen the power of the Church |
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| A disease that struck western Eurasia in the mid-1300s, in an outbreak known ad the Black Death |
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| A series of wars between England and France, from A.D. 1337 to 1453 |
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| French peasant girl who led the French to victory over the English at Orleans in A.D. 1429 |
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| A weapon that can shoot arrows able to penetrate a knight’s armor |
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| The king of England who signed the Magna Carta in A.D. 1215 |
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| A list of rights written by England’s nobility and signed by King John in A.D. 1215 |
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| A group of representatives with some powers of government |
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| A highly trained mounted warrior I the service of a noble during the European Middle Ages |
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| The code of conduct of medieval European knights, focusing on bravery, honor, and respect toward women and the weak |
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| An association of people sharing a trade or craft, intended to control the quality and quantity of their production and to protect their interests |
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| The code of conduct of samurai warriors, which required that they be generous, brave, and loyal |
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| A long poem that tells a story of heroic adventures |
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| The people with priestly authority in a religion |
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| The head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1073 to 1085, who struggled with Emperor Henry IV for power |
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| A German who, in the mid-1400s, invented a press for printing with moveable type |
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| A machine for pressing paper against inked movable type |
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| A person’s native language |
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| A division in the Roman Catholic Church from A.D. 1378 until 1417, which occurred when the Church’s two centers of power, Avignon and Rome, split and elected different popes |
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| A pardon of sin granted by the Roman Catholic Church, allowing a person to avoid punishment by God in the afterlife |
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| A German theologian, born in a.d. 1483, who was a leader of the Reformation and taught salvation through faith in God rather than through good deeds |
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| A member of a Christian group that broke with the Roman Catholic Church during or after the 16th century |
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| A movement of opposition the Roman Catholic Church, beginning in the 16th century |
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| The right of people not to be imprisoned unlawfully |
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| The ancient trade routes that connected Europe with China |
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| A movement in Renaissance Europe, celebrating human potential and achievement and stressing the study of subjects such as history, grammar literature, and philosophy |
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| A period of rebirth and creativity in art, writing, and thought from about A.D. 1300 to 1600, beginning in Italy and eventually spreading throughout Europe |
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| A person who supports an activity or institution by providing financial backing |
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| A technique of painting, developed during the Renaissance, that represents the appearance of objects in three-dimensional space |
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| An Italian Renaissance painter, born in a.d. 1452, who painted many masterpieces, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and also excelled in scientific research |
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| An Italian Renaissance artist, born in a.d. 1475, who worked mainly as sculptor but also painted such famous works as the ceiling o the Sistine Chapel in Rome |
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| Most famous English writer of the Renaissance, best know for his plays Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet |
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| The period of the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in England, from 1558 to 1603 |
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| An 11th century ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, who continually struggled for power with Pope Gregory VII |
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| A group of people who live according to a religious rule |
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| An Italian who founded the Franciscan religious order in the early A.D 1200s |
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| An Italian scholar who made a synthesis of classical philosophy and Christian theology |
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| A member of a Turkish people that controlled central and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th century |
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| A series of military expeditions from Christian Europe to Palestine between the 11th and 13th centuries |
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| A military leader who united Muslim to fight the Christian in Palestine during the 12th century A.D. |
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| A leader of the Protestant Reformation, who lived from A.D. 1509 to 1564 and emphasized the doctrine of predestination |
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| The doctrine that God chooses people for salvation and damnation before they are born and that individuals have no power to change God’s will |
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| A Spaniard who founded the religious order of Jesuits in the early A.D. 1539s |
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| A member of the Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in the early A.D. 1530s by St.Ignatius of Loyola |
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| A court established by the Roman Catholic Church in A.D. 1542 to investigate people who may have strayed from the Roman Catholic faith and to strengthen the power of the Church |
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| A person who travels to a foreign country in order to do religious work |
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| To persuade a person to adopt a new religion or belief |
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| An agreement reached in A.D. 1648, which recognized the permanent division of Western Europe into Catholic and Protestant nations and ended many ongoing religious wars |
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| The sharing o power between an organization of government and its members |
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