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| (41-79): Comes into power as a boy king, implements the SAVAK, Iranian secret police and intelligence and the White Revolution, criticized by Ayatollah Khomeini for corruption, neglecting the rights of the oppressed masses, and for putting Iran’s sovereignty at risk |
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| (52-53): Prime Minister, formed the National Front, nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, takes back control of the oil, initial desire was to reimplement the Constitution of 1908, wins popular support and usurps control of the army from Shah Pahlavi, the oil nationalization crisis → there was severe recession but Mosaddeq was not willing to compromise, overthrown by US-backed coup (US was afraid that as a result of the popular unrest, Tudeh party would come in power) |
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| Communist party, means “the masses” in Persian. Kermit Roosevelt tells Eisenhower that they need to overthrow Mosaddiq in order to stop this. Kermit essentially pays people in the street to start a riot and the parliament is dissolved. Emphasized Iran’s communist tradition: Jangali Revolt, relationship with Azerbaijan |
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(61-71): Social/economic reforms along Western models implemented by Mohamed Reza Pahlavi.
Land Reform:
Clergy and landlords lose power (Khomeini does not like this)
The idea is that happy peasants cannot be communists but this actually fuels certain communist sentiments because communists are anti-clergy/landlords
Literacy Corps: modeled after peace corps, educated urban Iranians go into countryside. (later backfires as educated are discontent with Shah) |
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| Inspirational Shi’ite ideologist who urged immediate action amongst Iranians. Appealed to the educated masses who have been exposed to western ideas. Advanced a reformist doctrine that brought together Marxism, Shi’ism, revolutionism, and Iranian patriotism. “If you build a Shia state now, the Mahdi will come.” |
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| (79-89): Exiled in 1964, comes back and gradually gains power in 1979. Gains an underground following in exile and publishes Vilayet e Faqih which essentially outlines the Shia revolution and future government. Once in power, 1979, utilized the Pasdaran (guards who believe he is THE Imam). American Embassy Incident occurs. |
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| Iranian Revolutionary guard, recruited zealous soldiers from lower classes, many fought, many died |
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| A domestic movement of Khomeini’s supporters who violently supported an islamic cultural revolution and vehemently opposed Western ideals and secularization. |
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| Famous Iraqi shia cleric who founds Al- Da’wa Party, an Iraqi political party that posed a threat to Iraq’s Ba’ath party. Al-Sadr was assassinated in 1980 by Saddam’s men and thus martyred in Shia islam. |
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| (89): Replaces Khomeini as supreme Islamic Jurist, elected by the 12 jurors. |
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| (89-97): Iranian Pres, Dramatically liberalizes Iran (universities get opened up to women). Other reforms opened up the economy. Established diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia. Privatized companies that were nationalized. |
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| (97-05): Under him Iran has a flowering cinema with Islamic ideals, people have the greatest number of personal freedoms. Utilized the Pasdaran, did not trust the military. Ousted by Pasdaran as he grew out of favor. His attempt to liberalize Iran resulted in a conservative backlash. |
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| Iranian president, Initially elected in 2005. Publicly denounced Israel, belligerent towards the US. The council/Pasdaran are not pleased with Khatami so Ahmadinejad gets elected by fraud. By his second term, he claims to be working for the Imam Mahdi and it further attempting to secularize Iran. |
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| Chief Shia cleric. Spared by Ba’ath party for his non-participation views. |
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| Shia dissenter during Saddam’s reign. Rose the ranks of Al-Dawa and now holds the title of PM of Iraq, has close ties to Iran through his Shia faith. Forms SCIRI |
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| Islamic party in Iraq founded by Mohammed Baqr Al-Sadr. The Al Dawa urged youths to attack Ba'ath party members in 1970 and the Ba'ath repressed the shit out of them. The party backed the islamic revolution in Iraq and Khomeini |
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| 1990 We committed 200,000 troops to defend Saudi Arabia. Arab league troops joined us. UN approves resolution of war. US sees Saudi Arabia as the last stand in the Arab world. We cannot allow Saddam to invade our Middle Eastern ally. He is clearly belligerent. Saudi and Turkey |
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| He is the son of NJ policeman sent to begin Iran’s Savak. He is the reason operation desert shield worked at all. War is brief and there are very few US casualties. We let Arabs liberate Kuwait. We did not overthrow Saddam then, tried to use propaganda. |
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| America establishes a no-fly zone so no helicopters could fly in the Kurdish zone to protect the Kurds (Remember Hussein is anti-Kurd, he outlawed the language) |
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| Was an inspection committee created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War. Sends Iraqi oil money to Iraqi govt and UN committee, both bodies are corrupt. |
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| leader of the Iraqi Kurds, organized a full-scale Kurdish rebellion against the Qasim regime, although the regime struck hard the rebels did not recede, the Kurdish seperatist movement is still going on |
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| the word used for armed Kurdish rebels, all Kurds that continue to fight for their rights are considered peshmerga |
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| Founder of the PKK (Kurdistan Worker’s Party) → considered a terrorist organization by the Turkish government, he was imprisoned - he literally lives in a prison island by himself - he has written many books about the Turkish-Kurdish conflict |
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| Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP) |
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: Justice and Development party, conservative (comparable to the Republicans in the US) and islamic party. Holds the majority in Turkey’s legislature.
o Often cited as a model for other parts of the Middle East because they combine an Islamic ideology with one that emphasizes capitalist growth (both religious andddd pro-business) |
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| Turkey’s current PM and leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). Economic improvement. Reasserted the Islamic identity of Turkey. Supported the emergence of a new class of people that 1) resents the old elite, 2) holds Islam as primary cultural identity. Early 2000s - Turkey’s economy characterized by high inflation, Erdogan revalued the Lira to where it currently stands at 1.8 US dollars. |
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Codeword. In 2007 – charges were brought against a number of intellectuals and military men that they were plotting a coup to bring the military back into power and to remove Erdogan from office
o The scandal has allowed Erdogan to change the constitution to limit the power of the army
o The only country worse than Turkey in jailing news reporters is China
o With this new power that Erdogan has, he is now trying to change the constitution
§ Greatly limit powers of the military
§ Increase the powers of the President – is running for President soon
The general perception of Ergenekon in Turkey is that the government has made it up for purposes of justifying the imprisonment of the secular army members/intellectuals. |
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| The flotilla boat that got shot near Israel, was one of the “Gaza Freedom Flotillas”, was carrying humanitarian aid to Gaza, ended up with the death of 9 Turkish and American activists, caused a severe deterioration in Turkish-Israeli relations. |
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| Baris ve Demokrasi Partisi |
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Definition
o Strategy: run as an independent, then if you get elected, you get to go to parliament
o BDP lets people know who their candidates are, so when people go to vote they know who they’re voting for even though they are listed as an independent
o Pushing for Kurdish equality and rights
o 10-15% of the votes |
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| Socio-political movement founded by Musa Sadr, active agent of Shia Islam |
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| Leader of the "forces of the left" leftist, socialist Popular Lebanese Movement |
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Fascist, right wing party founded by pierre Gemayel in 1970’s
Phalange believes that Lebanese are only Maronites who are phoenicians. They were originally many youth groups, then later become militarized |
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comes to power and declares an arab socialist republic
3. He surrounds himself from the members of his own tribe, from Sirt (The last town to fall to the rebels was Sirt, because they personally profited from the regime).
5. Qaddafi didn't trust military. He brought in mercenaries from Africa.
7. He was able to maintain his control because of the oil (Rather then spend the money and buy his peoples loyalty, he spent it on projects like the atomic bomb)
8. He groomed his sons, like North Korea |
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1. At age 14, he was political activist, attempted to assassinate a governor, took a bullet and made up a story of how he survived in Egypt and lived with Nasser. This is the official biography, even though no one remembers this
2. The Sunnis went into the army and especially the people from the town of Takrit and Falluja (They were both heavily recruited by Husayn)
3. The regime spent money improving the life of the lowest classes (This works out better than Syria because they have so much oil). The government could afford to buy the loyalty of the people
5. They also used brutal oppression like Syria. ( “In Syria, if you do something wrong you disappear. In Iraq, your whole family disappears.”)
6. In the 80s, Husayn announces the “obliteration” of the literary campaign
7. In both countries, there is a segregation of the Kurds. The language is forbidden
8. He groomed his sons, like in North Korea (????!!) |
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1. He comes into power in 1970. He comes in to Black September on the side of the Jordanian govt who is attacking the PLO, which is surprising because most Arab countries favored the PLO. Reasons include wanting to usurp PLO’s role as the vanguard of Arabism. (Syrian constitution says the president must be muslim).
2. He is Alawi (a sect of Islam, kind of, believe in the trinity Muhammad, Ali, and Jesus. They also believe real knowledge is secret, unknown to most people. Very anti- Sunni). In Iraq, the Sunnis went into government because the Shia would not, but in Syria, the French kept Sunni out and recruited the minorities (Alwais, Christains, and Druzes) into the military.
3. Hafiz al- As’ad comes to power and he plays up the secular idea because he’s not really a Muslim, but he is an Arab. Therefore “Arabness” becomes a badge of who they are.
4. The other founders of the Ba’ath, Al-Asad’s opponents were forced into exile.
5. The government spends all of its resources on development and education to the villages so the government is popular in the countryside and are strong supporters of the regime (When his son loses that support, the Arab Spring happens).
6. Hafiz al- As’ad initially cultivated the rural parts in expense of the cities which leads to discontent in the middle class. Lots leave to Germany and some join the Muslim Brotherhood.
7. In 1982, in the town of Hama, the Brothers declare rebellion and rise up and they murder a bunch of Ba’ath people. This causes reaction and the Syrian Government sends in its tanks and the center of Hama was destroyed. The government likes to forget this happened. “You need to believe the lie.”
8. Hafiz dies in 2001, so his son Bashar Al-Asad takes over |
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| Mystical sect of Shia Islam that believes in hidden knowledge and a diferent hierarchy of prophets. Cenetered in Syria, found in TUrkey and Lebanon. |
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| Founded by Michel Aflaq in Syria in 1947. Espoused ideas of Pan-Arabism, unite the arab world under one state “from the gulf to the Atlantic.” Promoted secularism, socialism and opposed to imperialism. |
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| Leader of Likud party and Netanyahu’s rival. Very militant and anti-palestine. Leads an armed group of Israelis to Temple Mount, Palestinians react in a protest. Sharon promotes unilateral disengagement : Israel dismantled ALL SETTLEMENTS IN WEST BANK AND GAZA. |
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| Aqsa Intifad (Second Intifada) |
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| (2000) violent. kills 1,000 on both sides. A reaction to Israel’s increasing settlements in the west bank and Gaza despite its agreement to vacate those territories according to 242. |
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| (1996-1999 [Israeli prime minister]): He doesn’t want immediate peace. In fact, it is with this mindset that he gets elected. He believes that total separation is the best way to deal with this “problem.” There is a much more physical occupation in the West Bank. The wye accords basically state that Netanyahu agrees to agree down the line. |
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Further attempt at setting up framework for israeli palestinian peace after Madrid Conference, brokered by US in 1993. Signed by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat for PLO.
They can’t settle it all at once, but in steps and each side will gradually have trust in the other side in parts:
1. “Mutual Recognition:” The PLO have to recognize Israel and will take out of their charter the destruction of the state of Israel
2. Jerusalem: For the Israelis it was their capital only but the Palestinians thought there should be a Palestinian capital as well
3. Settlements: By this time, there were hundreds of thousands of Israelis in settlements on the west bank. The Palestinian demand was that they would be dismantled. The Israelis said no. This remained unresolved.
4. Refugees: The Palestinians insisted that all could return to Palestine and that some should resettle in Israel. The Israelis said no, at no time did they want a sovereign state. Israel will withdraw its troops from the Gaza strip and in the west bank. Israel recognizes the PLO as representing the Palestinian people |
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| Israeli PM who comes to power in 1992, head of labor party. First Labor PM in 15 yrs. He approves a series of secret meetings between Israeli intellectuals and members of the PLO who were meeting in Norway. Now that the Madrid Conference has taken place, its about making peace between Palestinians and Israelis. |
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| In order to attend the conference, your state has to accept resolution 242 which means the countries recognize the existence of the state of Israel and in return they will withdraw territories. Every Arab country but Iraq and Libya attends. You have all these countries that originally said they wanted to destruction of Israel are now attending the conference. The conference actually doesn't accomplish a whole lot but its super symbolic and everyone accepts 242. |
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| An islamist group active in Palestinian territories that calls Palestine sacred lands that must be controlled by Islamic peoples. It is a mirror image of the Israeli Gush Emunim party. They are militant and serves to negate the peace talks. |
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| A peaceful uprising of Palestinians against Israeli encroachment. It was met with Israeli violence. Israelis beat and killed Palestinian children and protesters. As this violence increases, the PLO grows more willing to negotiate into peace talks. |
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| 1970's. As PLO mounts attacks on Israel from Jordan, king Hussein decides to stiffen up and attack PLO. He massacres many and sends message that PLO cannot attack and let their host country absorb the flak. PLO now moves to Lebanon. |
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| “Palestine is for the Palestinians.” They don’t directly say they want to throw the Jews out but its implied. This is a secular movement. Palestine is all the land between Jordan river and mediterranean. Israel cannot exist. |
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| The movement to liberalize palestine, led by Yasir Arafat. He wins an election and becomes the head of the PLO (Palestine Liberalization Organization). The PLO is a loose conglomerate of various groups within Palestinian society. (See PFLP below). Formed in 1964. |
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| Israel attacks West Bank, Gaza and Golan heights. Severely defeats Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon. PLO now becomes charged into an active military. |
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| Right Wing Israeli party that does not want to give up the land. Works in congress with Gush Emunim. Founded by Menachem Begin who had founded Irgun paramilitary party. |
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| right wing religious zionist party founded in 1974, associated with the Likud. Called “Bloc of the Faithful.” Their ideology is that any Arabs there have to accept them or leave. There is no middle ground. |
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| Unicameral Israeli Parliament that contains 120 members. If you receive 1% of the vote, you get a seat (10%=12 seats). This causes multiplicity within the government and gives small parties large power, specifically on single issues. The Israeli government is always a coalition because of this. |
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| Initially moved to the Middle East/North Africa from Spain. Jews of the East, all Arab jews who immigrated to Israel after the 48. Mizrahim have trouble assimilating, they have unique culture from Ashkenazim (western Jews) and they speak Arabic. Mild resentment when considering Palestinian problem. |
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| Founder of the PFLP ( Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), a Christian group within PLO. Also represents dissent within PLO because PFLP wants PLO to play role in larger pan-arab revolution. He is also both Christian and marxist (except he claims to only be marxist). |
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| Turkish President in 1980. He comes to power as president through military coup in 1980. As before the military stepped in because felt it was safeguarding Turkey from chaos. There had been a lot of violence between the leftist and rightist groups vying for power. He then abolishes political parties and puts leaders in prison. |
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head of motherland party- says Islam is ok, not bad like Ataturk argued
· Turkey’s future lies in connections to central Asia, not Europe
· wanted import substitution- wont import anything they can make themselves- privatizes the economy again and ends Ataturk monopolies which allows the economy to flourish
· He legitimizes practice of Islam by going to mosque himself- major change from ataturk times. He argues that the best way to appeal to Kurds is through shared religion of islam. He tries to help the tension by building dams to improve economic development there; he doesn’t think culture is the problem between the two ethnicities but that the economic underdevelopment is |
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in turkey 1960s means “put up overnight”- idea that if squatters come build on abandoned lands overnight they cannot be removed
· happens because there is a diaspora from the countryside where there are fewer jobs b/c people replaced by tractors etc- this encourages them to come to cities- build shacks and improve them
· they are then cut off from village and traditions- radicalized both to left and right- shanties organized based on ideology
· the leftists shanty towns are radical Marxists, who want to end relationship with US and have communist revolution (usually kurds and Alawi (the peasant religion))
· the rightists shantytowns are extreme Islamist, others fascist- ultra nationalist (usually sunni turks) |
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| Succeeded Nasser as President of Egypt from 1970 to 1985. Wanted to ally himself with the US and was partially successful after the October War. He reinstated multi-party politics and espoused the infitah economic policy of encouraging foreign investment and promoting capitalism. Eventually he fell out of favor with his lavishness and wealth and was assassinated. |
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| Economic “opening up” of Egypt. Encouraged foreign investment. Was not that successful, only in rebuilding hotels and etc around Suez region. Egypt’s finances were shit. Sadat’s brief cancelling of the food/bread subsidy caused many riots and led to his eventual assassination |
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| 1978: Peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Israel withdrew from Egypt and returned Sinai to them with the agreement that Egypt would not militarize it. Egypt endorsed 242. Egypt and Anwar Sadat were now HATED by the Arab League. They were kicked out of it. |
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| October War (Yom Kippur War): 1973, Egypt and Syria vs Israel. Anwar sadat sends troops to cross the Suez canal and retake the Sinai oil fields that had been lost to Israel in the 1967 war. Eventually, the Israeli counterattack was so effective that they advanced into Egypt and Damascus separately. UN brokered a peace treaty. Shows has USSR and US are directly involved with this conflict. Because of early Arab success (Israel is fallible), Arab world is more willing to negotiate with Israel. |
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| Kurdish militant/marxist group that actively fights and resists the Turkish rule over them. They were founded by Aptullah Ocalan |
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| Founder of the PKK (Kurdistan Worker’s Party) → considered a terrorist organization by the Turkish government, he was imprisoned - he literally lives in a prison island by himself - he has written many books about the Turkish-Kurdish conflict |
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Definition
| the word used for armed Kurdish rebels, all Kurds that continue to fight for their rights are considered thisword |
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| leader of the Iraqi Kurds, organized a full-scale Kurdish rebellion against the Qasim regime, although the regime struck hard the rebels did not recede, the Kurdish seperatist movement is still going on |
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| Headscarf, not a veil. Worn popularly around entire Middle East., popularized by Muslim Brotherhood. Oval shape of the face is visible. |
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| Veil that covers entire face, leaves slit for the eyes. Popular in Wahabi islam, esp in urban environments. |
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| Egyptian/ Arab writer and theologist. Popular islamist who wrote Social Justice in Islam which extols Western methods of thought in favor a “pure” islamic society, calls for an expulsion of the non-believers. His ideology would later influence islamists and jihadists. |
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| Islamist who was taught follows the Qutbist tradition of jihadi islamism. Born to a wealthy Saudi family, he came to found and lead the jihadi group Al-Qaeda, who initiated the Sept 11th attacks. |
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| Practice of one calling another Muslim an unbeliever or a Kafir. |
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| Founded in 1996, An Arab news station meaning "the island" based in Qatar that aims to provide news coverage of events happening in the Arab world. It's coverage has served to liberate information in the Arab world and provide dissenting opinions where they may not otherwise be allowed. |
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| Egypt’s President who succeeded Anwar Sadat from 1985 until his deposition in 2011 by the Vice President. His deposition was a manifestation of the protests of the Arab Spring. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for corruption and charges of killing peaceful protesters |
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| By mid 90s, Saddam had enough money from corruption off the sanctions to benefit those around him so that he couldn’t be overthrown, cultivated the notion of tribal-picked, rewarded tem. Rewards went to Sunnis, mostly from Takrit, his hometown, and Fallujah (center of insurgency) |
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Leader of a popular islamist movement in Iraq. Heavily supported by poor rural Shia. Nephew of Ayatollah Sadr, founder of D’awa. Organized Mahdi’s Army milita (shi’a)
Wants Iraqi Iraq. Idea that the end of the world is coming. |
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| the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. Reasoning US uses to invade Afghanistan. |
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| Egyptian feminist writer and advocate against genital mutilation. She is an activist for the rights of women in Islam and founded the Arab Women’s Solidarity Association |
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| Morroccan feminist writer and sociologist. Wrote Behind The Veil, a popular work in Arab feminism. Also wrote “God Dies on the Nile,” in her philosophy she blames Islam and patriarchy for the current situation of women, believes that Islam should be maintained in the Private Sphere. |
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| Tunisian president from 85 until 2011 when he was ousted by a popular uprising. He fled to Saudi Arabia and was tried and sentenced by INTERPOL to a 35 year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering. Along with Qaddafi, Ben-Ali was one of the leaders ousted by the Arab Spring uprisings. |
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| land for peace, Israel will vacate areas occupied during the ’67 wars, not the territories. Israel gets mutual recognition from all UN nations; end of hostilities, established diplomatic relations, and gave full access to Suez Canal. Sought an equitable solution for the refugees. |
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| Current president of Egypt. Succeeded Mubarak. Educated in Egyptian university then travelled to US for phD. Briefly granted himself unlimited governing powers in 2012 and saw popular protests against this cause. |
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Definition
| Tunisian president from 85 until 2011 when he was ousted by a popular uprising. He fled to Saudi Arabia and was tried and sentenced by INTERPOL to a 35 year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering. Along with Qaddafi, Ben-Ali was one of the leaders ousted by the Arab Spring uprisings. |
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