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1838-1842
-To set up Afghanistan as a buffer state between India and Russia.
-Britain crosses Indus River and conquers Kandahar then Kabul
-Dost Mohommad to the mountains and Shah Shuja to the throne.
-Dost Mohommad's son revolts and declares Jihad on white man- cut off supplies from India
-Shah Shuja killed as infidel when Afghan Rebels overthrew the capital. Want to overthrow Kafirs (infidels)
-1842- Silk Gorge led by Ghilzai Pashtun tribes kill 15,999 and leave Dr. Byron to escape to Jalalabad. |
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1878-1881
-Broke out after Afghan Amir turned away a Brit delegate.
Ayub Khan marched on Kandahar made up of army of Ghazis
-Battle of Maiwand- 1880- British defeated by Malalai- women Pashtun who returned Afghans to battle. Afghans outnumbered guns 30 to 12. |
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April 1978
-Led by Amin- Communists attack presidential palace and kill Daoud.
-Take control of capital, Kandahar, Herat, Mazari Sharif
-Indigenous communist movement- want country to be modern
-Began when Daoud began to arrest ACP members
-Future policy: based on the preservation of the principles of the sacred teachings of Islam and promotion of advancement and progress of the people in Afghanistan, not socialism or Marxism.
-Ashrar Uprising- all Afghan ethnic Groups
-Not popular participation |
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1853-1856
-British and Russians, Brit beats Russians on their own turf. |
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December 25, 1979-February 15, 1989
-Flew 10,000s of troops to Afghanistan
-Killed Amin, put Karmal in power
-seize country in about a week via road with 100,000 men
-killed over 1 million Afghans- constitutes genocide |
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1986- US
-step up arming Rebels with Stinger Air Missile
-Armed via Pakistan |
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Khalq (people)- Ghilzai Pashtuns
Parcham (Flag)- Durrani Pashtuns |
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| Sides of Afghan Ethnic Groups |
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Definition
Hazaras= neutral
Uzbeks= communist; led by Dostum
Tajiks and Pashtuns= Mahujideen (200,000) |
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| Loses (Soviets and Afghans) |
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Definition
Soviets= ~14,500 (2,000/year at points)
Afghans= 1.5 million, constitutes genocide |
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The Holy warriors- went to fight their own government
-Led by Ismail Khan and Massoud
-Made up of Tajiks and Pashtuns |
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Mujaheddin encouraged by US to march on Jalalabad in spring 1989 with Hekmartyar- fail and cannot take major city
-Planned to take over in 3-6 months
-War a stalemate until December 25, 1991 (USSR falls)
-Najibullah hopes mujaheddin take over country. |
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New Soviet leader in 1986-liberal reformer
-refers to war in Afghanistan as "bleeding wound"
-Doesn't like "police state" run by KGB
-Wants to reform with freedom and openmindedness with freedom of speech and press
-Signs peace treaty with Masoud which lets soviets leave to Uzbekistan |
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Afghan Communist Party
-In charge of country
-Supplied by USSR (oil, ammunition, funds)
-vs. Mujaheddin (supplied by US) |
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| Results of Afghan Civil War |
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Dostum & Mossoud (win) vs. Hekmatyar
Afghanistan breaks into small principalities
North-free/women go to school/public; secular
South- Pashtun belt=chaosistan (Yaghistan) |
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Supports Mujaheddin
Iran-Pasdaran
China |
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1. Proximity to mujahideen bases in Pakistan
2. symbolic importance to Afghanistan's winter captial
-defended as "Afghan Stalingrad" |
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| Why Mujaheddin didn't succeed |
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Definition
-Scud B missiles used against them
-Inability to switch from guerilla to conventional tactics
-unpopular with city people
-Qaum based alligences |
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Tribe/clan/group
Afghanistan made up of different qaums (qaum istan)
Most damaging factor in Afghan Jihad |
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founder of Afghanistan 1747
-Unified Pashtuns
-did not create a modern, centralized state but a loosely organized military alliance
-"hands off ruling" |
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Iron Amir 1880 put on throne by British & kept there
-Would never let Russian into country
-Real father of Afghanistan
-Deal with Brit- took land sbut gave weapons and money to conquer void between Amu Darya and Borders
-Conquered Uzbeks and Tajiks 1880-1901
-Kept country free of British & Russian direct rule
-Used British to build centralized bureaucracy and professional military (modern Afghanistan)
-Used British gold and weapons
-declared Jihad on Kafirs (pagans)
-established provinces ruled by walis (governors) |
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1919-1929 1st modernizing king; secular laws
-Visited Soviet Union and Europe- wanted to spread modernization
-Created Kabul University and schools for girls
-Builds circle road
-Builds oil &gas wells in dessert, airports
-Took on Mullahs
-Made women go without Burqas
-Made peace with Britain
-Habibullah cased him out of country to British India |
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-Tajik
-Sent to crush rebellion against Communism but is an Afghan Communist
-Turns on Afghan Communism and tells troops to kill russian advisers in Herat
-Gets ball rolling for Mujaheddin revolution
-joins Jihad and rebels
-first to attack soviets |
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-The "Lion of Panjsher"
-leads rebel group in Panjsher valley
-Attacks Kabul
-His Rebels killed 2/3 of all Soviets killed in Afghanistan
-Soviets attack Panjsheer Valley 9 times/fail
-Supported by qawm (Panjsheri Tajiks)
-Created the mujahideens most professional and effective fighters with large, complex operations
-Named Milli Kahraman- National Hero |
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-Fundamentalist and Extremist Pashtun leader armed by the US
-Chosen as leader of Rebel movement to take Jalalabad in Spring 1989
-Wants to ban women in public, shut down universities
-Later funded by Pakistani and Saudi fundamentalists. |
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-Leader of Uzbeks; reffered to as "Pasha"
-Created a procommunist army of 50,000 men
-fought well and everyone feared him
-Grew up working in Soviet developed gas and oil fields
-member of Afghan Army
-Pro commie meant jobs, progress, roads and factories
-Hero of the Republic of Afghanistan award by Najibullah
-Turns on Najibullah & seizes control of Mazarisharif
-Declares self mujaheddin
-Alliance with Massoud- together took Mazarisharif
-Later creats own "country" |
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-President of Republic of Afghanistan after USSR withdrew
-Disarms Uzbeks and wants to arrest Dostum in April and May 1992
-Government collapses after Dostum turns on him |
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Recruits other Muslims (Umma) for assistance to the Afghans
Offered logistical, medical and financial help |
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From Saudi Arabia
Beats soviets at Jaji base in 1987 (idolized
-wanted Political, religious and military Salvation through Jihad
-Had all arab jund (fighting force)
-Surviving Soviet offensive=epiphany
-inspired Young Turks |
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-Osama Bin Ladens extremist ideology
-Sanctioned terrorism against "bad Muslims" and infidels |
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Federally Administered Tribal Agencies
-British gave Pashtuns tribal reservations
-Pashtun lands conquered by Brit in 1880- brought into empire but not absorbed completely
-Found in Pakistan-like Indian reservations
-Each ruled by an agent
-Millions of Afghans fled during Soviet invasion- largest refugee Nation |
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| Committee for greater community-Russian "police force" wiped out religion |
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Late 1970s
-young people think women should be equal to men
-want universities and hospitals
-hate khans and mullahs
-communism is antidote for fanaticism |
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Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan
-Communists, modernists, liberals, ethnic minorities, college students
-Started in cities, led by Amin
-Soviets train soldiers |
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Came from Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kwaite, Palastine, Liberia
Fought and lost every battle
Losers |
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