The first to be crowned "king by the grace of God" by the pope, beginning the Carolingian dynasty. 

Defeated the Lombards for the pope and gave him the land, called the Donation of Pepin, creating the Papal States.

Germanic people of Northern Europe who raided, pillaged, and conquered other European settlements. They enjoyed battle.

In search for food, many settled in northwestern France. This region is called Normandy.

The capable successor of Charlemagne, who was too nice to efficiently run a country.

His three sons divided the empire after his death, which marked the end of the good leaders in the Carloginian monarchs.

A group of nomads who invaded the Frankish empire.

Their tactics resembled those of the Huns. 

Eventually, they settled down and established present-day Hungary.

The system in which the eldest son always inherited the fief, which became customary.

The system began so that fiefs were not endlessly divided between sons.

Several decrees issued by the church restricting private warfare that were difficult to enforce.

The Truce of God forbade fighting on certain days of the week.

The main part of the castle.

A strong tower containing storerooms, barracks, and workshops.

He served the people of his parish. He was usually very poor and of peasant origins and supervised the moral conduct of the people in his village.

He performed 5 of the 7 sacraments.

He managed a diocese, or a group of parishes. 

He was usually chosen by a king or powerful noble for his familial connections.

He was an excellent military leader who conquered almost all of Gaul, including land owned by the Visigoths.

He was brutal and cruel.

He was the first to convert to Christianity and ordered his warriors to do the same.

A young Roman noble who left Rome to become a hermit and eventually began a monastery. 

He set up standards for monks everywhere.

A great philosopher who wrote City of God. He believed that the collapse of a kingdom was okay, because everything is temporary except for the Kingdom of God (elaborating on Plato's belief).

A missionary who converted English to Catholicism and became archbishop of Canterbury.

An order by the church for the Dominicans to find heretics.

If they confessed, they were required to perform penance. If they did not, they would be punished by the government.

Defeated the Danes and permitted them to occupy Daneland.

He encouraged education and wrote The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

Claimed the English throne but was not chosen. 

He defeated Harold and declared himself king.

He brought Normandic culture to England.

He weakened the lords by scattering fiefs across England and required each lord to pledge alleigance to him.  

He also sent for a census.

The archbishop of Canterbury, who became bitter enemies with Henry II and was murdered by his knights.

He became a saint and has a shrine in Canterbury.

He made use of the traveling judges and reorganized  the exchequer.

He also tried to get church members tried in the royal and church courts, causing a scandal with Thomas Becket.

A group of French kings who expanded their land through marriage, stealth, and conquest. 

They also established a supreme court (Parlement).

He thought that the church should do as he said.

He disposed of three claimed popes and chose the next three.

This king of Germany captured the wealthy merchant city-states of Italy but was conquered by the Lombard League.

He became overlord but did not govern the city-states.

He was a very powerful pope who believed he had supreme power over all kings and leaders.

He intervened in disputes throughout Europe and placed harsh punishments on people.

Salah al-Din recaptures Jerusalem, and the armies are not able to defeat him. 

The Crusaders now have control of coastal towns and Christians can enter Jerusalem freely.

An association founded by merchants that gained the sole right to trade in a certain area.

They helped out and looked after other members.

An association formed by skilled workers who engaged in a specific type of manufacturing.

These associations also set out regulations and rules for the trade.

The first state of candidacy for membership in a craft guild.

A boy's parents sell their son to a master worker to learn a trade and live with him.

He is considered the father of modern Italian, because the dialect he used in his writing became widespread.

He wrote The Divine Comedy, which describes a pilgrimage between hell, purgatory, and paradise and criticizes his society.

Wrote The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of stories told by pilgrims on their way to Thomas Becket's shrine. This criticizes society and the clergy.

He wrote in Middle English.

A type of architecture involving tall ribbed vaults, spires, and high walls that symbolized reaching for heaven.

They were adorned with sclupture and stained-glass windows.

Conficts between the English and the France which began when there was a fight about who was the rightful owner of Aquitaine and Gascony. 

This brought death and destruction and the English lost all of their land in France.

This woman heard voices of saints telling her to help defend the city of Orléans. She inspired the weary troops to save the city.

She also helped a French heir take to the throne.

She was captured by English allies, was convicted of being a heretic, and was burned at the stake.

This French king avoided war and created alliances to fight wars for him. 

He unified France through conquest, marriage, and stealth.

This couple ruled two separate kingdoms of Spain, which they eventually combined after having conquered Granada together.

They took power away from the clergy and looked down on non-Christians.

They ordered Jews and Muslims to convert or leave the kingdom. Many of them left.

This family was weak at first, but once appointed to the H.R.E. throne, used power to arrange marraiges. They gained a lot of land this way.

They somehow managed to make Habsburg the emperor almost always. However, they did not unify Germany or Italy.

The period of papal history in which 7 popes were French and the church's capital was moved to France.

This weakened Rome greatly.

A member of the clergy and a teacher at Oxford who attacked the wealth, immorality, and claim to absolute authority in the church.

He promoted the translate of the Bible from Latin to English.

A rector at the University of Prague who was inspired by John Wycliffe's works and denounced abuses int he church.

He was excommunicated, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake.

The fight between King Harold of England and King William of the French over the rightful ruler of England.

The French invade England and win. In doing so, they spread Norman culture.

Members of the church (e.g. the priest, bishops, pope) who worked and lived among ordinary people.

They administered sacraments and preached the gospel.

The book written by Thomas Aquinas which shoes that each point in the church's doctrine could be reached through logic and faith. 

It is one of the bases of Catholic education today.