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Mid-Term
Mid-Term. Definition then term.
84
History
8th Grade
01/13/2011

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Term
The Beringia.
Definition
The way in which people first reached the Americas.
Term
The Olmecs.
Definition
The first civilization, located in Central America about 35,000 years ago.
Term
1492.
Definition
Important year for Spain because Columbus set off on his Journey to West Indies, Super Catholics threw out the Jews, and many new places were claimed for Spain. What year?
Term
The Columbian Exchange.
Definition
Global exchange of goods, ideas and diseases between the people of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
Term
Potatoes, cocoa, and beans.
Definition
Some possible examples of trade from the Western Hemisphere through the Columbian Exchange?
Term
Wheat, sugar and typhus.
Definition

Some possible examples of trade from the Eastern Hemisphere through the Columbian Exchange?

Term
Jamestown.
Definition
Very difficult colony to settle in. Swampy area, little to eat, and no gold.
Term
Mayflower Compact.
Definition
A 1620 agreement for ruling the Plymouth Colony.
Term
Magellan.
Definition
Explorer known for circumnavigating the globe and discovering the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at the tip of South America.
Term
Christopher Columbus.
Definition
His voyage differed from others because he discovered specific land at the time that the printing press was just invented so word spread quickly of his success. Now has a day named after him.
Term
Juan Ponce de Leon
Definition
Founded Florida in 1513 while in search of the Fountain of Youth.
Term
Hernando Cortes.
Definition
Conquered the Aztecs.
Term
Hernando de Soto
Definition
From 1539 to 1542, he explored Florida to Mississippi.
Term
Francisco Coronado.
Definition
Traveled to New Mexico, Arizona, and the Grand Canyon in search of gold.
Term
Francisco Pizarro
Definition
Conquered the Incas.
Term
Great Basin
Definition
Temporary houses made of willow poles. Low area between Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. Desert.
Term
Great Plains
Definition
Buffalo-skin tipi's. BUFFALO!! 
Term
Southeast
Definition
Houses made of trees, leaves, and flax. Mound builders!
Term
Southwest
Definition
Houses made of Adobe. Often had pueblos. Corn!
Term
Eastern Woodlands
Definition
Sturdy long-frame houses. Woman did the farming! Two languages spoken.
Term
Quipu
Definition
String with knots that stand for quantities. Often used and carried by royals. 
Term
Adobe
Definition
Sun-dried brick.
Term
Pueblos
Definition
A town in the Spanish colonies.
Term
Pit Houses
Definition
House in Arctic Region dug into the ground and covered with wood and skins.
Term
Puritans
Definition
Group of English Protestants who left England because they believed it had fallen on "evil and declining times". T
Term
Puritan Town Meetings
Definition
Puritans gathered to meet, discuss and vote on issues.
Term
New Jersey
Definition
Colony formed by the Duke of York giving some New York land off to a few friends.
Term
Thomas Hooker
Definition
Founded Connecticut.
Term
William Penn
Definition
Quaker who founded Pennsylvania.
Term
Pennsylvania Dutch
Definition
Germans who lived in Pennsylvania.
Term
Lord Baltimore
Definition
Founder of Maryland.
Term
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Definition
Provided for the Democratic Government.
Term
New York
Definition
First called New Netherland, Colony settled by the Dutch originally.
Term
Middle Colonies
Definition
Cash crops, large farms, skilled artisans, homes far apart, settlers from all over, many styles of buildings, coastal area as well as back country.
Term
Africans
Definition
Their roles were to be slaves to the white in the colonies.
Term
Southern Colonies
Definition
Coastal plains, many rivers, rolling hills, thick forests, large plantations, small farms, tobacco, rice, indigo, garden crops, enslaved Africans.
Term
Slave Codes
Definition
Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.
Term
Sabbath
Definition
Holy day of rest.
Term
Triangular Trade
Definition
Colonial trade route between New England, the West Indies, and Africa.
Term
Indentured Servants
Definition
Person who agreed to work without wages for a certain amount of time in exchange for passage to the colonies. 
Term
Boycott
Definition
To refuse to buy or use certain goods or services.
Term
Minutemen
Definition
Colonial militia volunteers who were prepared to fight at a minutes notice.
Term
Militia
Definition
Army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency.
Term
Writ of Assistance
Definition
Legal document that allowed British customs officials to inspect a ships cargo without giving a reason.
Term
Ratify
Definition
Approve.
Term
Traitor
Definition
Person who betrays his or her country.
Term
Siege
Definition
Military blockade or bombardment of an enemy town or position in order to force it to surrender.
Term
Preamble
Definition
Introduction to a declaration, constitution, or other official document.
Term
Natural Rights
Definition
Rights that belong to all people from birth.
Term
Ally
Definition
Nation that works with another nation for a common purpose.
Term
Stamp Act
Definition
1765, placed new duties on legal documents such as wills, diplomas, and marriage papers. Taxed almanacs, newspapers, playing cards, dice, etc. Items named in law had to have a stamp to prove they were paid for.
Term
Quebec Act
Definition
Set up government for Canada, giving complete religious freedom to the French Catholics.
Term
Townshend Act
Definition
May 1767, taxed goods such as glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea.
Term
Intolerable Acts
Definition

Meant to punish Massachusetts. Four main points.

1. Port to Boston shut down.

2. Forbade colonist from having a meeting more than once a year without permission.

3. Major crime trial were to be held in either Canada or Britain.

4. Had to house British soldiers.

Term
Cowpens
Definition
January 1781, South Carolina. General Morgan divided soldiers into two lines. Instructed soldiers to attack twice, then retreat. British followed retreating soldiers straight into second line!
Term
Yorktown
Definition
September-October 1781, Washington trapped Cornwallis in Yorktown Peninsula. French Fleet waiting to prevent escape through Chesapeake Bay.
Term
Long Island
Definition
August 1776, Washington runs British out of Boston and into New York. Loses over 1,400 men so retreats into Pennsylvania.
Term
Saratoga
Definition
October 1777, Benedict Arnold becomes a hero because he drove British back toward Canada. TURNING POINT OF WAR!!
Term
Valley Forge
Definition
Winter 1777-1778, damp, drafty and COLD weather. Soldiers "stuck it out" with little food or clothing. Many suffered disease and frostbite.
Term
Trenton
Definition
December 25, 1776, surprise attack and captured all German Mercenaries. Tricked Cornwallis into attacking abandoned camp while Washington attacked behind British lines.
Term
Proclamation of 1763
Definition
Imaginary line along crest of Appalachian Mountains. Colonist couldn't cross in order to protect Indians in the West. Not many followed rule.
Term
French and Indian War
Definition
1754, English settlers fought France and their Native American allies in Ohio River Valley. Colonists led by George Washington.
Term
Treaty of Paris
Definition
Signed by British and French ending their power in North America. Britain, France, and Spain argued and traded over surrounding land and fighting lasted long after treaty was signed.
Term
Declaration of Independance
Definition
Preamble then three main parts. Natural Rights, British Wrongs, and Independence. Made to break free form Britain.
Term
Common Sense
Definition
1776, Thomas Paine tried to change colonists mind about Britain and the king. He believed they owed nothing to any monarchs, and that having kings and queens is wrong.
Term
Being born in America or getting a green card.
Definition
Only two ways to get citizenship in America.
Term
Responsibilities of citizenship
Definition
To uphold our Constitution and all the rights and laws it bestows upon us.
Term
Executive
Definition
Carries out laws. Has the president. 
Term
Legislative
Definition
Passes Laws. Has the Congress.
Term
Judicial
Definition
Interprets laws. Has judges and law things.
Term
Articles
Definition
Constitution is divided into...
Term
Two
Definition
There are ___ Senators per state.
Term
The Population
Definition
Number in people in the House of Representatives is determined by...
Term
Amendment 1
Definition
Gives right to petition, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom to assemble. 
Term
Amendment 2
Definition
Can legally have gun and rightfully be entitled to a militia.
Term
Amendment 3
Definition
Not obligated to house a soldier in a time of peace or war unless the law instructs you to.
Term
Amendment 4
Definition
Cannot be searched or arrested without a warrant.
Term
Amendment 14
Definition
Extends citizenship, equal rights and disallows lack to black people. 
Term
Amendment 15
Definition
Allows all races to vote.
Term
Amendment 18
Definition
Prohibits alcohol, repealed in 1933.
Term
Amendment 19
Definition
Allows all genders to vote.
Term
Supreme Court
Definition
Highest court in the U.S., established by the Constitution.
Term
Laissez Faire
Definition
Idea that the government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Term
Impressments
Definition
Practice of forcing people into military service.
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