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The Creationist Debate
Creation Science and Intelligent Design |
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Creationists disbelieve in evolution because the idea conflicts with their religion. Most Christians, Muslims, or Jewish faiths adhere to a literal reading of the Bible. In the bible, the chapter Genesis deals with the creation of the universe, heaven, earth, man, animals, and plant life. It says that this was all created in 6 days. However many other religions say this is symbolic rather than literal. The Pope agrees with evolution. Evolution is that natural mechanism by which God has enabled creation to proceed. The Pope’s position is theistic, which holds that God established natural laws and then let the universe run on its own, without further supernatural intervention.
Extreme creationists interpret the bible literally. This doctrine is base is that each species, living and extinct was crated independently by God and is in its present form. And at one time the earth was flooded and an ark was built and Noah preserved two kinds of species. Therefore they deny evolution, the geological formation of the earth and the age of the universe. Some creationist allow mutation and natural selection and similar species can arise from a common ancestor. However will not entertain the idea that the human being has evolved but was created in god’s image.
Intelligent Design is a scientific not religious concept. However the designer is supernatural rather than a material being equivalent to God. This idea is accepts certain aspects of evolution, such as development of different species from common ancestors. However, they argue that many biological phenomena are too complicated to have arisen by natural process. |
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Hypothesis
What makes a hypothesis scientific? |
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Is a proposition a supposition that has a lot of evidence to support it.
It is falsifiable. |
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| What is the role of experiments and data in evaluating competing hypotheses.? |
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| Hypothesis are rejected when data refutes them. |
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| Is a hypothesis that has become so well supported by evidence that we act as if it were true. |
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Is not a hypothesis.
Is a big idea that encompasses other ideas and hypotheses and weaves them into a coherent fabric. It is a connected body, of statements, based on reasoning and evidence, that explains a wide variety of observations. |
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| Rodlike structures in cells that undergo division and that contain hereditary information of the organism. |
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| A distinct unit of hereditary material found in chromosomes; a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular tRNA, rRNA or polypeptide. |
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Is the nucleic acid found in all the cells of an organism; the hereditary material passed on during reproduction.
Nucleotides – the base unit of nucleic acids, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.
Deoxyribose –a five carbon sugar found in DNA
Phosphate – a acid base that has one phosphorus atom with four oxygen atoms |
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a sequence of amino acids that compose a protein
Adenine (A) – Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) – Guanine (G) |
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| Chromosome, and thus all genes, occur in pairs. From where did each pair originate? |
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| They come from each parent. |
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| Having only one chromosome from each pair of homologous chromosomes |
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| Having two sets of chromosomes, or all the homologous chromosomes that are characteristic of the species. |
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| Haploid vs. Diploid number |
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| Gametes do not contain pairs of homologous chromosomes. Instead,they have only one chromosome from each pair. As a reslt, they gave only half the diploid number of chromosomes. For example, human gametes contain 23 pairs of chromosomes in body cells. Cells that have only one chromosome from each pair are said to be haploid. Haploid cells contain n chromosomes, rather than the 2n of diploid cells. |
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| The haploid cells that come together and fuse with other haploid cells to form zygotes; the sperm cells or egg cells. |
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Through his experiments he is able to prove dominant genes and recessive genes.
There are two copies of each gene.
Gene comes in pairs. |
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| the different forms of the gene for a trait |
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Dominant and Recessive Traits
homozygous dominant vs. homozygous recessive |
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| a dominant gene comes through and a recessive gene is present but not seen and a possibility of coming out. |
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| All the alleles possessed and present |
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| traits as they occur in the organism |
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The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach, and is used by biologistsprobability of an offspring having a particular genotype. The Punnett square is a summary of every possible combination of one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each gene being studied in the cross. to determine the |
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Monhybrid Cross Parental F1 Genration |
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B B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb B = green (dominant) b = yellow (recessive)
all outcomes are green
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Monohybrid Cross F2 Generation |
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B b B BB Bb b Bb bb B= green dominant b = yellow recessive the example above shows that 75% of the offspring will be Green (BB or Bb) while only 25% will be yellow (bb). The ratio of the phenotypes is 3:1, typical for a monohybrid cross
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1. Mutations occurs at random and not inresponse to need 2. Mutations are chages in the structure of DNA
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He achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwin's famous voyage, and as a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate weather forecasting a reality. He was an able surveyor and hydrographer. |
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Charles Darwin was influenced by many writers, scholars, philosophers, and friends. One of his influences was Thomas Robert Malthus, a late-eighteenth century economist. Malthus wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), which Darwin read and was inspired by. The central theme of Malthus' work was that population growth would always overpower food supply growth, creating perpetual states of hunger, disease, and struggle. The natural, ever-present struggle for survival caught the attention of Darwin, and he extended Malthus' principle to the evolutionary scheme.
Darwin considered that some of the competitors in Malthus' perpetual struggle would be better equipped to survive. Those that were less able would die out, leaving only those with the more desirable traits. Through his research, Darwin concluded that this ongoing struggle between those more and less fit to survive would produce a never-ending progression of changes in the organism. In its simplest form, this is evolution through natural selection.
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On 4 January 1837, Charles Darwin presented 'A magnificent collection of Mammalia and Birds' to the Museum of the Zoological Society. The gift consisted of 450 birds and 80 mammals.
Gould was asked to classify the bird specimens. A number of specimens from the Galapagos Archipelago caused him great excitement. There were a number of ordinary looking brown finches distinguishable by their differing beak sizes. Gould identified 13 new finch species (now reduced to nine) by this morphological difference. Today these unique finches are known as 'Darwin's finches' or 'Galapagos finches'.
Gould's identification of these bird species played an important part for Darwin when he was formulating his theory of evolution. It was the realisation that the separate species on the different islands of the Galapagos were closely related to species on the South American mainland, combined with fossil evidence, that led Darwin to recognise that populations of similar species that are isolated from each other may continue to evolve separately.
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Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the first adherents to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and did more than anyone else to advance its acceptance among scientists and the public alike. As is evident from the letter quoted above, Huxley was a passionate defender of Darwin's theory -- so passionate that he has been called "Darwin's Bulldog".
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He is probably best remembered today for his opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution — most notably at a legendary debate in 1860, during which he is said to have asked Thomas Henry Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed his descent from a monkey.
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He is known for his outspoken opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Father of Modern Anatomy
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A source of difficulty in the Darwins' marriage was conflict between Charles' scientific findings (most particularly, the origin of humanity in the undirected process of evolution) and Emma's own devout Christian beliefs. The difficulty was increased when, following the painful and emotionally devastating death of their 10-year-old daughter Anne, Charles no longer accepted the orthodox Christian view of God. After T.H. Huxley coined the word "agnostic" around 1868, Darwin used it to describe himself. Charles was evidently pained by the anxieties his beliefs produced in Emma, and tried to express them as gently as he could.
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| Brother to Charles Darwin |
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Independent Development of Natural Selection In the mid-1800s, Darwin and the British biologist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of a natural, even observable, way for life to change: a process Darwin called natural selection. |
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Is often called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). His writings have been studied by every generation of naturalists, including Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin.
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Lamarck believed that simple life forms continually came into existence from dead matter and continually became more complex -- and more "perfect" -- as they transformed into new species.
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| Darwin's Voyage on the Beagle |
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1. He found 12 different speicies of finches 2. The differences between species are in the size and shape of their beaks, and the beaks are highly adapted to different food sources. 3.Supports his thoery of survival of the fittest 4. The beaks changed due to food source
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1. Evolutions is the simple proposition that the characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time.
2. Common descent is that all of life could be portrayed as one great family tree.
3. Gradualism change in incrementally or by small steps
4. Population change is that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics.
5. Natural selection that changes in the proportions of different types of individuals are caused by differences in their ability to survive and reproduce and that such changes result in the evolution of adaption, features that appear “designed” to fit organisms to their environment.
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A mechanism of evolution whereby member of a population that possess certain heritable traits have an increased likelihood of survivng and reproducing. As a result, the genes that produce the trait increase infrequency in the population. |
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Why can natural selection (ns) act only on genetic variation? |
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Because selcetion on non genetic traits would not change anything in the upcoming generation.
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Know what NS is and what it is not |
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It is not goal driven
1.Is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms 2. and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes. 3. acts on the phenotype, or in other words the physical characteristics of an organsim 4. The phenotype's genetic basis (the genotype associated with the favorable phenotype) will increase in frequency over the following generations. 5. Over time, this process may result in the begining of new species. In other words, natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution may take place within a given population of organisms.
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is the assumption that the natural processes operating in the past are the same as those that can be observed operating in the present.
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Does inheritance of acquired characteristics happen? |
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is a positive characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection |
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Taxonomy is the naming plus the organizations (classification) of organisms. This is the scientific discipline of naming organisms.
Phylogentics- is the study of relationships among species
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All species are to be fitted into a hierarchical system that looks like this:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Came Over For Great Sex
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) who attempted to describe the entire known natural world and gave every species (mineral, plant or animal) a two-part name. Every species can be identified with just two words. The first word is capitalized and the second is lower case. The words are in latin. |
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a particular group of organisms assigned to a categorical rank |
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The names (taxa) that rank above the species level genus, family, order, phyllum, and kingdom |
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What is a phylogenic tree? cladograms |
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a way to demonstrate and plot all species . It demonstrates their common ancestors, whereas twigs on different branches represent species derived from more ancient common ancestors. |
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Character vs. Character State |
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Character-a characteristic that assists in the identification of a species Character State is a way to demonstrate and plot all species . It demonstrates their common ancestors, whereas twigs on different branches represent species derived from more ancient common ancestors.
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Describes a character state that is present in one or more subclades, but not all, of a clade under consideration. A derived character state is inferred to be a modified version of the primitive condition of that character, and to have arisen later in the evolution of the clade. For example, "presence of hair" is a primitive character state for all mammals, whereas the "hairlessness" of whales is a derived state for one subclade within the Mammalia.
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Ancestral Character State |
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Any organism, population, or species from which some other organism, population, or species is descended by reproduction.
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Shared Derived Character State |
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character states that evolve
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Two structures are considered homologous when they are inherited from a common ancestor which possessed the structure. This may be difficult to determine when the structure has been modified through descent.
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a unique derived character state it is found only in one member of a clade, but not found in any others or outgroup taxa, not even those most closely related to the group
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Possession by two or more species of a similar or identical character state that has not been derived by both species from their common ancestor, embraces convergence, parallel evolution, and evolutionary reversal.
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Describes the obtaining the same biological trait in unrelated lineages |
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is a when a derived character goes back to its ancestral state |
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the scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way, esp. with reference to alternative evolutionary pathways
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refers to a taxon, phylogenic tree, or gene tree whose members are all derived from a common ancestral taxon. In cladistic taxonnomy, the term describes a taxon consisting of all the known species descended from a single ancestral species.
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groups whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg |
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contains some, but not all, of the descendants from a common ancestor. |
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is an evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a "clade", an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of a greater variety of sister organisms.
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also known as "phyletic change", is the evolution of species involving a change in gene frequency in an entire population rather than a branching event
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Fossil Records Embryological Evidence (a fertilized egg) Homologous Structures Vestigal structures Imperfect Structure (the human eye) Biogeography |
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is a technique used to date materials, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates
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are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.
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Structures that are similar due to evolutionary origin, such as the forearm bones of humans, birds, porpoises, and elephants, are called homologous.
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A structure or organ is vestigial if it has diminished in size or usefulness in the course of evolution. Vestigial structures are markers of evolutionary descent. For example, boa constrictors, which are descended from four-legged reptiles, grow tiny hind legs. Pelvic bone in a baleen whale The wings of ostriches, emus, and other flightless birds are vestigial; they are remnants of their flying ancestors' wings. The eyes of certain cavefish and salamanders are vestigial, as they no longer allow the organism to see
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The Imperfect Structure of the Eye |
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The eye is less than perfect in its design.
If you look at the structure, what you will find is exactly the opposite of what the typical engineer would expect (and, in fact, exactly the opposite of what exists in cephalopods): the light-sensing portion of rods and cones is actually tucked away behind several neuronal layers, as well as the cell's own nucleus. One consequence of this design is that the light-sensing portion of these cells need to be more sensitive in order to process a smaller amount of light, given that this light is filtered. This design has evolved to compensate for a shortcoming in the original design. It was simply more expensive to replace the existing design than to make this modification, in order to achieve phenotypically similar results. Another consequence is that these nerves must find their way out of the eye, which entails going through the layer of light-sensitive cells. That leads to a blind spot, and the eye can't compensate much for this on its own. Here, another system entirely - the brain - is the compensating agent. This is important to consider, particularly in large enterprises with existing infrastructure.
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It aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance.
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existence of genes mutation recombinaton the produces variation chages in gene frequencies in the gene pool artificial selection including crops and the guppy experiment
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describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combinations of traits. It was defined by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability (Darwinian fitness"). Artificial selection can also be unintentional; it is thought that domestication of crops by early humans was largely unintentional. |
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Major Trends in Evolution |
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New ideas from pre-exsiting structures Homoplay is common (convergence) Mosaic Evolution Evolution is gradual in many cases Changes in shape (morphology) are often due to relatively simple chages in development
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