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| What does the word "prokaryotes" mean in Greek? |
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| What does the word "eukaryotes" mean in Greek? |
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| Prokaryotes are _______ cells |
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| Eukaryotes are _________ cells |
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| What similar organic molecules do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain? |
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| Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates |
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| Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes: |
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Definition
1) they share emergent properties of life
2)they maintain a stable internal state (Homeostasis)
3) They interact through multicellular associations involving chemical communication and cooperation between cells |
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| communal associations of bacterial species (example: tooth decay, middle ear infections, catheters) |
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| We depend on microbes in our intestines for: |
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Definition
Digestion
Synthesis of some vitamins
Protection for pathogenic microorganisms |
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| Domesticated microbes are used for: |
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Definition
Making alcohol
Raising bread
Flavor cheeses and create other dairy products from milk |
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Definition
| Microbes that cause human diseases |
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Term
| What did ancients believe was the cause of disease? |
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Divine retribution
Bad air
Conjunction of the planets and stars |
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Term
| Name of the bacteria that caused the bubonic plague |
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| Why is the bubonic plague called the Black Death? |
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Definition
| It caused characteristic black areas on the skin, due to hemorrhaging |
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Term
| What does the name Bubonic Plague come from? |
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Definition
| Buboes, which formed in the lymph nodes of the groin and armpit regions of the body |
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Definition
Multiplies within phagocytes,
– Produces capsule at body temperatures.
– New cells can evade phagocytosis.
– Endotoxin release leads to shock. |
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| Eyam was infected with the bubonic plague; he put himself in quarantine so that he could die without infecting others |
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| A tailor that was sent some cloth from London; this cloth was infected with the plague. He died from the plague 3 days later |
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| van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch |
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Definition
Published "Micrographia"
Described microscopes
Made the first observational drawings 25x of cells and common bread mold |
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Definition
Created a simple microscope (mag. 300x-500x)
Found "wee animacules" in pond water
Saw bacterial cells in dental plaque |
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Time period after van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of bacteria
People still believed that bacteria arose spontaneously and that there was no correlation between bacteria and diseases |
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| belief that life arises spontaneously from non-living matter |
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| Disproved that maggots arise from decaying meat |
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Definition
Was a vitalist (believed a "vital force" pervaded all organisms)
Did an experiment with mutton gravy; he corked it in bottles and then found microbes inside
He determined that putrefaction could generate the vital force needed for spontaneous generation |
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First suggested that life only arises from other living cells
Showed that heating a sealed flask of meat broth resulted in no growth of organisms |
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Refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation with swan-necked flasks
Developed pasteurization
Hypothesized the "Germ Theory of Disease"
microbes can grow without oxygen
(anaerobic growth)
– fermentation by yeast produced alcohol
– microorganisms in beer and wine could be
killed by heat
– milk pasteurization
– different microbes caused different types of
fermentation
– developed vaccines for diseases such as
rabies |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the cause, source, and mode of the transmission of disease |
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| Found that hand washing and chlorine disinfection prevent disease |
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Performed first epidemiological study of a cholera epidemic in London
Traced it back to a public water line
Proposed that cholera was a water-borne disease |
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| a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (in a controlled manner), so as to minimize the severity of the infection and induce immunity against further infection |
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| Developed vaccinations by studying "cowpox" |
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| suggested the name "bacteria" |
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| suggested that living organisms caused disease |
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| saw comma-shaped bacteria in the stool of cholera patients |
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| Theory that microorganisms are responsible for disease (Louis Pasteur) |
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Said that surgical infections are caused by living organisms in the air
Used carbolic acid to disinfect the air, wounds, and medical instruments |
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Developed pure culture techniques
Realized that there are many different types of bacteria |
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| a population of organisms, all of which are the progeny of a single organism |
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A complex polysaccharide derived from seaweed
Used in pure cultures |
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| found that microorganisms could survive boiling |
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| Demonstrated that heat-resistant microbes (discovered by Tyndall) were "endospores" |
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