Term
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Definition
| Functions: Solvent, medium for chemical reactions, transporter, temperature regulation. Deficiency: Thirst, weakness, poor endurance, confusion, disorientation |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Methionine synthesis, BCAA breakdown, and maintenance of myelin sheaths. Deficiency: Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia), fatigue, nausea, weight loss, constipation, and neurologic changes (numbness in extremities, depression, ataxia, sore mouth/tongue, confusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Regulation of calcium homeostasis. Deficiency: Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults): softening of bones due to impaired mineralization. Fat malabsorption can lead to Vitamin D deficiencies |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Bone formation, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, neuromuscular function, and hormonal responses. Deficiency: Can be major contributor to osteoporosis, softening of bones, brittle bones, muscle cramps, tooth decay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Blood coagulation and bone development. Deficiency: Increased coagulation time and malformed bones. Newborns, Elderly, patients with fat malabsorption issues, and patients on long-term antibiotic therapy are at higher risk for Vitamin K deficiencies. Deficiencies are rare because it can be synthesized by intestinal flora. |
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Term
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Definition
Functions: Antioxidant (quenching free radicals). Deficiency: "Deficiencies are often seen in:
1. People with fat malabsorption conditions (ex: Crohn or Celiac Diseases)
2. Premature babies this can lead to hemolytic anemia.
3. People with disorders in fat metabolism (ex: abetalipoproteinemia)
Deficiencies can cause decreased red blood cell survival times, neurological problems, muscle weakness, and retinal degeneration. Some research suggests that long term vitamin E deficiencies can lead to an increased risk of heart disease.
" |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Serves as a component of phosphopantetheine moiety (part of fatty acid synthase) and Coenzyme A. Deficiency: Fatigue, headache, and weakness; similar to that of other B vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Integral constituent of FMN and FAD, important coenzymes in oxidation/reduction reactions, particularly in metabolism. Deficiency: ariboflavinosis (growth stunting and various lesions): Angular cheilitis, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis (scrotal region and nasolabial folds) |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Essential component of NAD+/H and NADP+/H, important coenzymes in oxidation/reduction reactions, particularly in metabolism. Deficiency: Pellagra; “rough skin” - characterized by the 4 D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: constituent of the essential coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Deficiency: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, amnesia, confusion, confabulation), beriberi (advanced neuromuscular symptoms (muscle atrophy and weakness)) |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Carboxylation reactions. Deficiency: extremely rare - hair loss, dermatitis, anemia, loss of appetite, neurological symptoms, and muscle pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Wound healing, development of reproductive organs, muscle contraction, immune function. Deficiency: Decreased rate of wound healing, decreased immune system, loss of appetite, poor growth, impaired taste acuity, hypogonadism, and alopecia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: "Vitamin C is an antioxidant, required for collagen synthesis. It is also needed for the synthesis of catecholamines, carnitine, steroid hormones and the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. Deficiency: Scurvy is a severe form of vitamin C deficiency. It is characterized by bleeding gums and mucus membranes, weakness, joint pain (bleeding into joints), and petechiae |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Vitamin B6 is a cofactor in amino acid metabolism, glycogen breakdown, and hemoglobin production. Deficiency: Neurological symptoms are some of the first symptoms of a Pyridoxal phosphate deficiency. Other symptoms include glossitis (sore tongue), depression, confusion, convulsions, and anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: It is part of a coenzyme that accepts and donates one-carbon units for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism/synthesis. Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia; Deficiency during pregnancy can result in low birth weight infant, neural tube defects, and cervical dysplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Iron is an essential mineral that aids in the carrying of oxygen. Deficiency: Anemia, weakness, pallor, poor growth, decreased immune function, loss of appetite, constipation |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Used for synthesis of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Deficiency: goiter; cretinism - impaired growth and neurological development caused by severe iodine deficiency early in life |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Major cation in extracellular fluid. Deficiency:mostly neurologic due to cerebral edema; nausea/ vomiting; confusion, lethargy, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: Major intracellular cation. Deficiency: neuromuscular impairment (weakness and cramps) and myalgias; severe deficiency may result in metabolic aidosis, paralysis and cardiac failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: maintenance of extracellular fluid volume; essential part of HCl required for proper digestion. Deficiency: hypotension, convulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: catalyst for mineralization of tooth enamel. Deficiency: tooth decay |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: >300 fundamental enzyme reactions; neurotransmis-sion, immune function; calcium antagonist in kidney stone development. Deficiency: rare; usually due to predis-posing illness and would result in hypertension, arrhythmias, neuromuscular aberrations |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: principal reservoir for metabolic energy; important building block of biological compounds; its presence or absence regulates the activity of a variety of proteins and enzymes. Deficiency: rare; usually due to predis-posing illness |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: essential component of many enzymes; required for iron absorption, storage and metabolism. Deficiency: anemia, cardiac abnormali-ties; hypercholesterolemia; hypertriglyceridemia; Menkes disease - problem with Cu transport and absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Functions: essential component of many enzymes; Deficiency: "chondrodystrophy (Kashin-Beck Disease) occurs in selenium-deficient regions of China.
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Term
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Definition
| Functions: participates as retinal in vision; as retinoic acid controls gene expression. Deficiency: night blindness; blindness in young children due to inadequate liver stores |
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