Term
| Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
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Definition
- Plasma leaves blood to become interstitial fluid
- Lymph capillaries: transport interstitial fluid to blood
- Lymph nodes contain:
- Fixed macrophages
- B cells
- T cells
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Term
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Definition
- Persistant pathogens or their toxins in blood
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Term
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Definition
- Systemic inflammatory response
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Term
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Definition
- Sepsis and decreased blood pressure
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Term
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Definition
- Sepsis and uncrontrollable decreased blood pressure
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Term
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Definition
- Inflamed lymph vessels accompanying septicemia and septic shock
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Term
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Definition
- Endotoxin shock
- Endotoxins cause blood pressure to decrease
- Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria
- Possible treatment
- Human activated protein C, an anticoagulant
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Term
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Definition
- Nosocomial infections
- Group B streptococcus, S. agalactiae
- Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis
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Term
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Definition
- Childbirth fever
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Transmitted to mother during childbirth by attending physicians and midwives
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Term
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Definition
- Inflammation of the endocardium
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Term
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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Definition
- Alpha-hemolytic streptococci from mouth
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Term
| Acute bacterial endocarditis |
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Definition
- Staphylococcus aureus from mouth
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Inflammation of heart valves
- Autoimmune complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infections
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Term
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Definition
- Francisella tularensis
- Zoonosis
- Transmitted from rabits and deer by deer flies
- Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes
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Term
| Brucellosis (Undulant Fever) |
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Definition
- Brucella spp.
- Gram-negative rods that grow in phagocytes
- B. abortus (elk, bison, cows)
- B. suis (swine)
- B. melitensis (goats, sheep, camels)
- Undulating fever spikes to 40 C each evening
- Transmitted via milk from infected animals or contact with infected animals
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Term
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Definition
- Bacillus anthracis
- Gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod
- Found in soil
- Cattle are routinely vaccinated
- Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
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Term
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Definition
- Endospres enter through minor cut
- 20% mortality
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Term
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Definition
- Ingestion of undercooked, contaminated food
- 50% mortality
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Term
| Inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax |
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Definition
- Inhalation of endospores
- 100% mortality
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Loss of blood supply to tissue
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Clostridium perfingens, gram-positive, endospore-forming anaerobic rod, grows in necrotic tissue
- Treatment includes surgical removal of necrotic tissue and/or use of hyperbaric chamber
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Term
| Systemic Diseases caused by bites and scratches |
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Definition
- Pasteurella multocida
- Clostridium
- Bacteroides
- Fusobacterium
- Bartonella henselae
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Causitive agent: Yersinia pestis, gram-negative rod
- Reservoir: rats, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs
- Vector: Xenopsylla cheopis
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Term
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Definition
- Bacterial growth in blood and lymph
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Causative agent: Borrelia spp., spirochete
- Reservoir: rodents
- Vector: ticks
- Successive replapses are less severe
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Term
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Definition
- Causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi
- Reservoir: deer
- Vector: ticks
- First symptom: bull's-eye rash
- Second phase: irregular heartbeat, encephalitis
- Third phase: arthritis
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Term
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Definition
- Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME)
- Causative agent: Ehrlichia chaffeensis
- Gram-negative, obligatory intracellular (in white blood cells)
- Reservoir: white-tailed deer
- Vector: Lone Star tick
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Term
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Definition
- Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)
- Causative agent: anaplasma phagocytophilum
- Reservoir: deer
- Vector: ticks
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Term
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Definition
- Rickettsia spp.
- Obligate intracellular parasits
- in endothelial cells of the vascular system
- Arthropod vectors
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Term
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Definition
- Causative agent: Rickettsia prowazekii
- Reservoir: rodents
- Vector: Pediculus humanus corporis
- Transmitted when louse feces are rubbed into bite wound
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Term
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Definition
- Causative agent: Rickettsia typhi
- Reservoir: rodents
- Vector: Xenopsylla cheopsis
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Term
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (tickborne typhus) |
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Definition
- Causative agent: Rickettsia rickettsii
- Measles-like rash, except that the rash also appears on palms and soles
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Term
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Definition
- Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
- Childhood infections are asymptomatic
- Transmitted via saliva
- Characterized by proliferation of monocytes
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Term
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Definition
- Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals and in malaria and AIDS patients
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Term
| Cytomegalovirus Infections |
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Definition
- Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
- Infected cells swell (cyto, mega-)
- Latent in white blood cells
- May be asymptomatic or mild
- Transmitted across the placenta; may cause mental retardation
- Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted tissue
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogen: Arbovirus
- Portal of entry: Skin
- Reservoir: monkeys
- Method of transmission: mosquito
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogen: Arbovirus
- Portal of entry: skin
- Reservoir: humans
- Method of transmission: mosquito
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogen: Arbovirus
- Portal of entry: skin
- Reservoir: unknown
- Method of transmission: mosquitos
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogen: Filovirus, arenavirus
- Portal of entry: mucous membranes
- Reservoir: fruit bats and other mammals
- Method of transmission: contact with blood
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Term
| Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome |
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Definition
- Pathogen: Bunyavirus
- Portal of entry: respiratory tract
- Reservoir: Field mice
- Method of transmission: inhalation
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogen: Lassa virus, arenavirus
- Potral of entry: gastrointestinal
- Reservoir: rodents
- Method of transmission: ingestion of water contaminated with rodent urine
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Term
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Definition
- Pathogen: Ebolavirus, a filovirus
- Portal of entry: gastrointestinal and mucous membranes
- Reservoir: fruit bats
- Method of transmission: ingestion of infected bats or infected individuals blood
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Term
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Definition
- Also called American trypanosomiasis
- Causative agent: Trypanosoma cruzi
- Reservoir: rodents, opossums, armadillos
- Vector: reduviid bug
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Term
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Definition
- Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
- Transmission: ingesting undercooked meat and contact with cat feces
- Congenital infection: Stillbirth and neurological damage
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Term
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Definition
- Four major forms:
- Plasmodium vivax
- P. ovale
- P. malariae
- P. falciparum
- Vector: Anopheles mosquito
- Definitive host: Anopheles mosquito
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Term
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Definition
- Prophylaxis
- Chloroquine
- Malarone: atovaquone and proguanil
- Mefloquine
- Treatment
- Artemisinin: artesunate and artemether
- Bed nets
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Term
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Definition
- Fatal if untreated
- Causative agent: Leishmania donovani
- Vector: sandflies
- Rerservoir: small mammals
- Treatment: Amphotericin B or miltefosine
- Geographic Distribution: South Asia, Sudan, Brazil
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Term
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Definition
- Papule
- Causative Agent: L. tropica
- Vector: sandflies
- Reservoir: small mammals
- Treatment: Amphotericin B or miltefosine
- Geographic Distribution: Asia, Africa, Mediterranean, Central America, South America
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Term
| Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis |
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Definition
- Disfiguring
- Causative agent: L. braziliensis
- Vector: sandflies
- Reservoir: small mammals
- Treatment: Antimony compounds
- Geographic Distribution: Yucatan, South America
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Term
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Definition
- Replicates in RBC's
- Causative agent: Baesia microti
- Vector: Ixodes ticks
- Reservoir: rodents
- Treatment: Atovaquone and azithromycin
- Geographic Distribution: United States
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Term
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Definition
- Tissue damage (granulomas) in response to eggs lodging in tissues
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Term
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Definition
- Granulomas in urinary bladder wall
- Present in Africa and the Middle East
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Term
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Definition
- Granules in intestinal wall
- Present in East Asia
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Term
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Definition
- Granulomas in intestinal wall
- Present in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean
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Term
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Definition
- Cutaneous allergic reaction to cercariae
- Present as a parasit in wild birds in the US
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