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| A sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. Viruses infect all cellular life. |
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| determined DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made of in 1944 |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of DNA |
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| Any of various enzymes, including the endopeptidases and exopeptidases that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins into peptides or amino acids. |
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| Any of various enzymes that break down RNA |
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| the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, genomic incorporation, and expression of foreign genetic material |
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| a species of bacterium that can tolerate high temperatures, one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcus-Thermus group. |
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| refers to the sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA. The opposite strand is called the coding strand or the mRNA-like stand b/c the sequence corresponds to the codons that are translated into protein. |
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| a form of DNA that is found in bacteria and archaea as well as in eukaryotic cells in the form of mitochondrial DNA |
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| an enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats (TTAGGG) to the 3' (three prime) end of DNA strands in the telomere regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes |
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| a region of repetitive DNA at the end of chromosomes which protects the end of the chromosome from destruction. |
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| newly replicating strand is pointing in the "right" direction to grow continuously at the 3' end as the fork opens up. |
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| the ther strand is pointing in the "wrong" direction as the fork opens up further, its exposed 3' end gets farther and farther away from the fork, and an unreplicated gap is formed, which would get bigger and bigger if there were not a special mecchanism to overcome this problem. |
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| This enzyme makes use of RNA molecule as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. It is produced by HIV and other retroviruses in order for them to synthesize DNA from their viral RNA. |
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| a relatively short fragment of DNA (with an RNA primer at the 5' terminus) created on the lagging strand during DNA replication |
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| two molecules of ATP are required for each unwinding of the duplex. The enzyme that is capable of unwinding the double helix structure of DNA, which alters the hydrogen bonds present in DNA. Helicase therefore plays a part in DNA replication and also requires some ATP to function as activation energy. |
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| can link together two DNA strands that have double-strand break (a break in the complementary strands of DNA). he alternative, a single-strand break, is fixed by a different type of DNA ligase using the complementary strand as a template but still requires a type of DNA ligase using the complementary strand as a template but still requires DNA ligase to create the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair the DNA. |
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| refers to a method for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, in a molecule of DNA. The first DNA sequences were obtained by academic researchers, using laborous methods based on 2-dimensional chromatography in the early 1970s. Following the development of dye-based sequencing methods with automated analysis, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster. |
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| There are many replication forks in eukaryotic DNA, a "starter" strand of DNA, or RNA. |
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