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| capacity to do work of move matter against an opposing force. |
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-kinetic energy (energy in motion)
-potential energy (energy in the state or position)
-chem. energy (energy stored in bonds is potential till broken)
-heat (thermal motion of molecules)
-light (sun, trapped by plants)
-nuclear energy (contained in nucleus of a cell) |
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| the sum total of the chem. reactions that occur in an organism. (builds things up or breaks things down) |
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| measure of the degree of disorder in any system (always increases) |
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A. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
B. energy sysrtems have a tendency to increase their entropy
C. as temp. approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system appraoches a constant minimum |
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| reactions that release free energy (cell respiration, catabolism) |
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| reactions that require or consume free energy (active transport, cell movements, anabolism) |
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| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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| cells rely on ATP for the capture and transfer of the free energy they need to do work |
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| the energy barrier that blocks the tendency for a set of chemical substances to react. |
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| substances that speed up a reaction without being permanently altered by that reaction |
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| a protein, on the surface of which are chemical groups so arranged as to make the enzymes a catalyst for a chemical reaction |
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| inorganic ions such as copper, zinc, or iron that bind to certain enzymes and are essential to their function |
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| distinctive, non-amino acid atoms or molecular groupings that are permanently bound to their enzymes |
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| carbon-containing molecules that are required for the action of one of more enzymes. coenzymes are usually relatively small compared with the enzyme to which they temporarily bind |
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| irreversible inhibitors: poisons |
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Definition
| some inhibitors covalently bond to certain side chains at the active site of an enzyme, thereby permanently inactivating the enzyme by destroying its capacity to interact with its normal substrate. |
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| similar enough to a particular enzyme's natural substrate to bind noncovalently to its active site |
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| a non-substrate that binds to the active site of an enzyme and thereby inhibits binding of a substrate and reaction from part of the environment. |
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-active form of the enzyme has the proper shape for substrate binding.
-inactive form of the enzyme has a shape that cannot bind the substrate inhibitor to a site separate from the active site |
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