Term
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Definition
| destruction of ALL microbial life forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| destruction of microbes (not spores) on INERT surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical destruction of microbes on living tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| cleansing to lower the microbe count to a safe level |
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Term
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Definition
| any compound that kills microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the growth of bacteria |
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Term
| What are mechanisms of killing bacteria? |
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Definition
| change membrane permeability, damage cell wall, damage protein, damage nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| change membrane permeability in order to kill bacteria |
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Term
| What is the alcohol effect on a Gram negative bacteria? |
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Definition
| damages the cell wall (killing the bacteria) |
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Term
| What are susceptible to damage to their proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a mutation do to a bacterial cell? |
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Definition
| damages the nucleotides (resulting in death) |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect kill curves? |
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Definition
| Numbers, Environment, Microbial characteristics, Action of antimicrobial |
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Term
| What are the PHYSICAL methods of killing bacteria? |
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Definition
| incineration, dry heat sterilization, moist heat sterilization, boiling water, pasterization, freezing, filtration, dessication, osmotic pressure, radiation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is dry heat sterilization used for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| very hot steam pressure that kills microbes |
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Term
| What is an autoclave used to sterilize? |
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Definition
| surgical instruments, packs, fluids |
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Term
| What are two different kinds of strips that test sterility? |
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Definition
| temperature test strips and spore strips |
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Term
| What can boiling water not kill? |
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Definition
| spores (it is a method of disinfection) |
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Term
| What removes spoiling and disease producing bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is low temperature useful for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dessication? What is an example? |
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Definition
| slows growth, freeze drying |
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Term
| What is ionizing radiation used for? What type of rays are used> |
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Definition
| sterilization of medical supplies, gamma rays |
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Term
| What type of rays does non-ionizing radiation use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of radiation? |
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Definition
| ionization, non-ionization, microwave |
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Term
| What are the chemical methods of killing microbes? |
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Definition
| testing chemicals, disinfectants and anteseptics, soaps and detergents, food preservatives, |
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Term
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Definition
| an antimicrobial that originates from another living organism |
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Term
| what is a synthetic antibiotic? |
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Definition
| it is chemically synthesized |
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Term
| What is a semisynthetic antibiotic? |
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Definition
| chemically altered natural antibiotic |
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Term
| What is an antimicrobial? |
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Definition
| any antimicrobial compound |
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Term
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Definition
| use of an antimicrobial to prevent infection |
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Term
| what is a bacteriostatic agent? |
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Definition
| one that halts bacterial growth |
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Term
| What is a bacterialcidal? |
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Definition
| an agent that kills bacteria |
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Term
| What are tests for an antimicrobial susceptibility? |
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Definition
| diffusion tests on agar, minimal inhibitory concentration, minmal bacterialcidal concentration, antibiogram, |
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Term
| What are two diffusion tests on agar plates for testing for antimicrobial suseptibility? |
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Definition
| Kirby Bauer test, E strip test |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest concentraction that inhibits microbial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest concentration of agent that kills the bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotic suceptibility profile for a patient isolate |
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Term
| What is antimicrobial antagonism? |
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Definition
| antibioltics that, when used together, work less effectively |
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Term
| What is antimicrobial synergism? |
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Definition
| antibiotics that, when used together, work more effectively |
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Term
| what is a serological test? |
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Definition
| use the animal serum to identify the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific phage infects only specific species and strains of the species so it helps to classify bacteria |
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Term
| What is lysis and what does it indicate? |
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Definition
| plaques, positive infections |
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Term
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Definition
| puts cells one at a time through a fluid steamin the cytometer which identifies and counts bacteria |
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Term
| What do restriction enzymes do? |
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Definition
| cut chromosomal DNA at specific points |
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Term
| What do restriction enzymes do? |
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Definition
| cut chromosomal DNA at specific points |
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Term
| What determines the chromosomal fingerprint? |
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Definition
| the fragments of DNA in gel electrophoresis |
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Term
|
Definition
| seperating the DNA strands, mixing them with new DNA where they complementary base pair with a new strand |
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Term
| What usesa DNA probe to detect a gene from a disease producing organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the point of DNA chips? |
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Definition
| allows the screening of humdreds of bacteria or genes at a time |
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Term
| How does electrophoresis separate fragments of DNA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are cloning vectors? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a gene inserted into a plasmid |
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Term
| What is usually the cloning host? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a recombinant clone? |
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Definition
| bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid |
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Term
| What is a gentically identical bacteria containing the gene of interest in a vector? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a gentically identical bacteria containing the gene of interest in a vector? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which domain of microorganisms has peptidogygan in the cell wall: archea or bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the causes, processes, and effects of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the growth of microorganisms on or in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of microorganisms on inanimate objects |
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Term
| What is the term for "free of all life"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can you do to create a sterile feild? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat are indicators of disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a disease and what causes it? |
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Definition
| a state of being not well, when microbes do damage to the host |
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Term
| What is a chief complaint? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that causes a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of disease production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the bacterial cell are used for adherence? |
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Definition
| fimbrae, capsules, and spikes |
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Term
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Definition
| good colonizers that we want in our normal flora |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of symptoms that go together to characterize an abnormality, but no pathogen is found |
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Term
| What is an acute disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a latent disease? |
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Definition
| attacks and then the symptoms go away, but the virus doesnt go away, so the symptoms may come back later |
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Term
| What is a chronic disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a subacute infection? |
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Definition
| has the infection, shedding the bacteria, but no symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| we need each other to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| can benefit from each other but can live without each other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are commensal microbes? |
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Definition
| coexists with no effects on each other |
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Term
| what are opportunitic pathogens? |
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Definition
| can usually only infect those with a compromised condition |
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Term
| What are frank pathogens? |
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Definition
| infect everyone, even healthy people and will cause disease |
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Term
| What are factors that affect the disease state? |
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Definition
| size of inoculum, resistance of host, pathenogency of microbe |
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Term
| What is a noncommunicable disease? |
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Definition
| it will effect the host, but then it is done |
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Term
| what is a communicable disease? |
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Definition
| moving and giving to each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infection in an animal that can transfer to a human |
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Term
| What is a congenital infection? |
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Definition
| transfers from the mother to the baby in a pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate objects that can transfer bacteria |
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Term
| What is a local infection? |
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Definition
| stays in the area that it has infected |
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|
Term
| what is a systemic infection? |
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Definition
| it spreads through the blood stream |
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Term
| what is bacteremia? septicemia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a focal infection? |
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Definition
| spread by blood, but specialized in a focus on tissue |
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Term
| What is the incubation period? |
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Definition
| from the time you get in contact with the bacteria until it starts showing symptoms |
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|
Term
| waht is the prodromal stage? |
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Definition
| you have symptoms, but not specific to any certain disease |
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Term
| what is the period of invasion characterized by?q |
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Definition
| specific symptoms for a certain disease |
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|
Term
| In what stage do you have potential to relapse? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an endogeneous disease? |
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Definition
| one contracted from one's own flora |
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|
Term
| what is a disease that is passed from human to human? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a nosocomical infection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of bacteria injected to kill 50% of the recipients |
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|
Term
| what is an infectious dose? |
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Definition
| amount of bacteria injected to infect 50% of the recipients |
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|
Term
| what does the hyaluranidase enzyme do? |
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Definition
| dissolves the cement in between cells so that bacteria can move into the tissue |
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|
Term
| How does EHEC bacteria invade? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do bacteria need to grow? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cells have to fall apart for the cells to be released; inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the bacteria are engulfed in a macrophage |
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Term
| What is the epidemiology of a disease? |
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Definition
| what, where, when, and how many diseases occur |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of cases in the population |
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Term
|
Definition
| rate can be brought back down through education |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate cannot be brought back down- it keeps growing |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease goes over international borders |
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|
Term
| What is genetic engineering? |
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Definition
| manipulating DNA in order to make a new organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product |
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|
Term
| what is recombinant DNA technology? |
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Definition
| inserting the gene for a product into a new bacterium for the biosynthesis of the product |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction? |
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Definition
| making copies of the gene |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the PCR for mRNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does reverse transcriptase PCR of mRNA yield? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid in HGH, what is inactivated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used to get DNA into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a viruses protein coat called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are spikes on a virus used for? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a isohedral virus? |
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Definition
| 20 triangular faces and 12 corners |
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|
Term
| What is the envelope of a virus made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of viral penetration? |
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Definition
| engulfment (creates a vesicle that breaks down along with the rest of the virus), membrane fusion (virus loses envelope to membrane and rest of it breaks down) |
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|
Term
| Is budding of viruses immediately lethal to the cell like lysis? |
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Definition
| no, the virus can replicate for a long time, but eventually the cell will die |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infectious protein that leads to misfolding of host proteins (they contain no nucleic acid) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when recombination (crossing over) occurs within the gene that causes a change in the gene |
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