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Microbiology
Disease Productiom
74
Science
Undergraduate 2
11/14/2007

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Cards

Term
Transmission
Definition
The organism has to get to you in order for you to get the disease
Term
Portal of Entry
Definition
It has to get to you in order to cause the disease
Term
Period of Incubation
Definition
The organism needs time to grow, or increase the load
Term
demostration of Virulence
Definition
How the organism causes damage to you
Term
Portal of Exit
Definition

The organism leaves your body: Two main Question you ask are:

 

How does the organism exit? (Possibilities incelude bloo, fece, saliva.)

 

When doe the organism exit? (sometimet he disease can leave you body before you even realize there is a problem. Ex. AIDS.)

Term
Vector
Definition
Anything that can carry the organism
Term
What are the four teaditional vectors for the transmission of microbial infections?
Definition

1. Fingers

2. Flies

3. Fomites

4. Food

Two additions include Phlegm and Fun 

Term
Give an example when finger can be a passive source.
Definition

1. Nasal Secretions have mucous that can pass on Streptococci (when you pick nose)

2. Saliva from oral secretions can pass on staphylococci (when brushing teeth or wiping drool)

3. Open sores (When you touch pimples that you may have popped and then touch other areas you can pass on Staph. and MRSA)

4. Feces (When you forget to wash your hands after going to the bathroom you can pass on E-coli, Salmonella)

Two Pathways of Feces:

Feces to fingers to mouth

Feces to fingers fro food to mouth 

 

Term
Give an example where fingers can be active vectors.
Definition
Sometimes fingers can be active vectors, such as in the case of syphilis sore on fingers. These dores can transmit the disease.
Term

What does the term flies refer to?

Give examples.

Definition
Refers to not just flies but all biologics, or living things.
Term

Give examples of passive biological vectors.

(Flies) 

Definition

Flies land on dog feces and pick up organisms and then pass on the organism to food.

This passive method of transmission is not as  dangerous as active because as the organism is being transferred it is decreasing in virility because it is exposed to the environment the whole time. 

Term

Give example of Active Biological Vectors.

(AKA. Reservoirs of infection)

Flies 

Definition
Mosquites carry malaria and transfer it to humans and other animals by bitning htem and this is dagenrous because the organism increases in pathogenicity as it incubates in the moquito.
Term

Can inanimate objects be reservoirs of infectionas well?

What would they be called? 

Definition

Yes, as in th ecase of soil, which can harbor the growth of athlete's foot and anthax, and pass the disease on to humans. Also th eGanges River in Indai harbors the growth of cholera in the waters.

Most inanimate objects are refered o as sources. 

Term
Fomites
Definition
Inanimate objects that act as sources only
Term
active biological vector
Definition
organism actually grows in vector. e.g. malaria in mosquitoes.
Term
What is meant when a person is
described as having a pyemia?
Definition
pus producing organisms in the blood
Term
Explain the difference between the terms
sign and symptom, giving specific examples.
Definition
sign: objective. measurable. e.g. fever
symptom: subjective. not easily measured. e.g.
                pain.
Term
Define the terms exaltation and
attenuation, explaining how each is
accomplished.
Definition
exaltation: increase virulence. pass thru susceptible hosts.
attenuation: decrease virulence. adverse conditions such as lab media.
Term
hyaluronidase
Definition
spreading factor. break down hyaluronic acid, cementing material between cells.
Term
streptokinase
Definition
Streptococci aggressin for fibrin.
Term
Collagenase
Definition
aggressin for breaking down collagen in connective tissue. e.g. Clostridium perfringens
Term
leucocidin
Definition
destroys WBC.
Term
Explain how endotoxins are involved in
production of fever only.
Definition
Gm neg. bacteria in water. Sterilize for injection. They die and release endotoxin. Fever results.
Term
There is a lower incidence of malaria
among Black Americans. Explain.
Definition
Sickle cell anemia results in crescent shaped cells which prevent growth of malaria.
Term
There is a lower incidence of malaria
among Black Americans. Explain.
Definition
Sickle cell anemia results in crescent shaped cells which prevent growth of malaria.

Abscence of Duffy factor prevents attachment of malaria to RBC.

Term
Why are the very old more susceptible
to disease?
Definition
underlying illness.
decreased efficiency of AB production.
Term
What is the number one factor affecting
an individual's general health?
Definition
poor nutrition
Term
Explain why eyes are considered a first
line of defense against disease.
Definition
tearing - mechanical flushing
IgA- immunoglobulin A. fights recurring infections.
lysozyme- enzyme breaks NAM-NAG bond in G+.
Term
Leukocytes are a second line of defense
against disease. Explain how eosinophils are
involved in this process.
Definition
produce toxins against helminth parasites.
Term
Give examples of foods that can act as reservoirs
Definition
Milk. and water
Term

How long do the microaerosols created by the following stay in the air?

Sneezing

Coughing

Talking 

Definition

Sneezing: up to one hour

Coughing about a half hour

Talking for six minutes 

Term
What percentages of organisms are nonpathogenic/pathogenic for the droplets produced from talking?
Definition

Nonpathogenic: 94-96%

Pathogenic: 4-6% 

Term
ID 50
Definition
The minmum concentration of bacteria for diseases in order for the disease to get tansmitted.
Term
What is the ID50 for the Tubercle bacilli?
Definition
10 Bacilli
Term
Name three ways to control the transmission of infectios diseases.
Definition

1. Eliminate the Reservoirs

Example is the spread of malaria from mosquitoes so you use insecticides to kill them off.

2. Break the link in transmission

Example Feces can spread E. Coli and Samlmonell so you wash yor hands to break the link.

3. Immunizing Biologics (vaccines)

Tetanus is everwhere so you vaccinate everyone so it becomes ineffective

Term
Which organism(s) commonly use
  unbroken skin as a portal of entry ?
Definition
Dermatophytes such as ringworms athlete's foot and Staphylococcus infections.
Term
Which organism(s) below commonly use
the respiratory tract as a portal of entry ?
Definition

TB, Haemophilus, and Pneumoniae

 

Viral: Flu, Chicken flu/bird flu

German Measles (Rubella)

Normal Measles (Rubeola) 

Term
Which organism(s) commonly use
the digestive tract as a portal of entry ?
Definition

E. Coli,

Salmonella (causes typhoid and food poisoning), Shigella (causes dysentary),

Cholera (loss of fluids),

Hepatits A (fece spread), Polio (CDC recommends the disuse of oral vaccines for this b/c it becomes more pathogenic when it leave the body via feces.)

Term
Which organism(s) commonly use
the genitourinary tract as a portal of entry ?
Definition

Syphilis (Treponema pallidum), Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), Clamydia (Clamydia trachomatis)

Viruses? AIDS, Herpes

Streptococci Staphylococci

UTI (toilet paper with improper wiping) 

Term
Which organism(s) below commonly use
the pklacenta as a portal of entry ?
Definition

STORCH

S-Syphilis-may not even know the baby has it

T-Toxoplasmosis-transferred from cat feces  (protozoal infection) Cause mental retardation/death

O-Other-AIDS, Hepatitis B, Clamydia (all of these can cause the Blood Brain Barrier)

R-Rubella-German Measles

C-Cytomegalovirus-can be deadly to unborn babies in placenta

H-Herpes simplex I and II-I = Boils, II=STD 

Term
What is the incubation of colds and flus? Is it a long or short time?
Definition
@4 hrs to 48 hrs Short (Acute)
Term
What are some childhood infections and what is the avergae incubation period?
Definition

Chicken pox measles, mumps, etc.

 

1-3 weeks

Term
What are the two main diseases caused by mycobacterium and what are there incubation periods?
Definition

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and has an incubation bperiod of 6 months.

 

Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy and it has an incubation period of 2-5 years and is also rarely observed to be 40 years.

Term
What is the incubation period of AIDS?
Definition
AIDS iincubates for 2-15 years
Term
Sub-Clinical Dose
Definition
If the host has increased resistance and the bacteria has decreased virulence, that person will not show serious symptoms or any symptoms at all. The subclinical dose is the one in which the person can still transmit the disease despite looking completely healthy.
Term
What is the minimum infectious does for the tuberclebacilli?
Definition
10 Bacilli
Term
What is the minimum infectious dose of Salmonella?
Definition
100,000 bacilli
Term
What are the main two factors that define virulence?
Definition

Invasiveness

Toxogenicity 

Term
Invasiveness
Definition
Ability to spread/can an organism spread throughout you body?
Term
Toxogenicity
Definition
Can/does the organism produce toxin/poisons that can damage your skin?
Term

Describe the virulence of the following:

1. Syphilis

2. Tetanus

3. Streptococcus pyogenes 

Definition

1. Very Invasive, but not toxic (Syphilis)

 

2. Not invasive but highly toxic (Tetanus)

 

3. Very invasive and toxic (Streptococcus pyogenes)  

Term
Exaltation
Definition
Increase the virulence of an organism by passing it from one susceptible host to another.
Term
Attenuation
Definition
Decrease in virulence, done by exposure to adverse conditions such as an increase in temperature, drying, chemicals (formaldehyde), grow organism on lab media (decreases virulence), i.e. - TB in lab is attenuated
Term

 

 

 

 

Acute 

Definition

 

 

Quick, short onset lasts a short time.

Examples include flu, cold, Hepatits A. 

Term
Chronic
Definition

Slow, long onset, long incubation period, lasts long time.

Examples:

AIDS- not an automatic death sentence, just a chronic infection as long as drugs can be afforded.

Leprosy

TB - treatment for 6-24 months

Hepatitis B and C 

Term
Systemic
Definition

Affects the whole body

Similar infections - syphilis (STD, can spread throughout the body), Lyme Diseas (tick bite, bulls eye ring, spreads throughout entire body) 

Term
Local infection
Definition
    •  confined to one area
    • boil (pimples) caused by staphylococcus aureus
    • TB localized to lung when first transmitted—primary TB is pulmonary TB, extrapulmonary TB is spread throughout the entire body
    • Tetanus
Term
Focal infection
Definition

once local, it then spreads to other parts of the body

 

  •  
    • boils – staph can spread
  •  
    • TB can leave your lungs to secondary TB or extra pulmonary

 

Term
septicemia
Definition
  • septicemia – pathogenic organisms in your blood
    • bacterenemia – bacteria in your blood
    • virunemia – viruses in your blood (HIV positive)
Term
Toxemia
Definition
  • Toxemia – any organism that can produce a toxin, such as tetanus and diphtheria (toxins damage heart, and results in death), toxins in blood!
Term
Pyemia
Definition
  • Pyemia – pus (white bld cells called neutrophils) producing (pyogenic) organisms in your blood
    • Staphylococcus, streptococcus
Term
Sapremia
Definition
  • Sapremia – saprophytes growing in you (they live off the dead materials (tissues) inside of you—live host
    • Sometimes a doctor may fail to remove all of the placenta after childbirth, so the mother can get a saprophytic infection
    • Gas gangrene—frostbitten, dead tissue, grows saprophytes
Term

Hyaluronidase

Definition

a.       Part of our “cement” (hyaluronic acid)

b.      Organism can move between cells and therefore spread because they’re able to breakdown the “cement”

c.       Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid


Term

Give an example of a bacteria with Hyaluronidase?

Definition

streptococcus pyogenes—causes strep throat, and many others, causes tissue death-nephrotizing fascitis, kills flesh by destroying oxygen and rotting tissue

 

clostridium perforinges:  in intestinal tract, Gram positive rod, anaerobic, can spread during surgery, cancer, accident, etc.—can produce gas gangrene (tissue dies—rots in place)

Term
Collagenase
Definition

Proteolyic enzyme

Breaks down the protein collagen

Found in connective tissue 

 

 

Term
Give an example of an organism with Collagenase?
Definition
clostridium perforinges:  anaerobic, so ideal; connective tissue do not have good vascular protection
Term
Lecithinase
Definition
 

1.      Lecithinase: phospholipid

a.       Breaks down lecithin (found in cell membranes, phospholipids)

b.      Destroys cell membranes, causing cells to burst and die, especially RedBldCell’s because unnucleated and therefore can’t do repairs

c.       Hemolysin—toxin that destroys RBC

                                                                           i.      Can do 2 things

1.      cause anemia

2.      decrease amount of oxygen to cells (anoxia/hypnoxia)

2.      Streptolysins

Term
Streptolysin
Definition

1.      Streptolysins

a.       Hemolysin

                                                                           i.      Anemia

                                                                         ii.      Anoxia

b.      Made by streptococci

c.       Streptococcus pyogenes is capable (why serious toxin)

Term

Kinases
Definition

Streptokinase

Staphylokinase

Dissolves fibrin (involved in clots) 

Term
Give examples of bacteria that have kinases?
Definition

Staphylococci gets into hair follicle with WBC’s (pus) which are trying to kill staph which is actually killing WBC which then makes clot (boil)

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