Term
| Phases of bacterial growth: |
|
Definition
lag
log / generation / doubling time
stationary
death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PROteinaceous INfectious agents |
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by prions are collectively known as: |
|
Definition
| transmissible spongiform encephalopathies |
|
|
Term
| What sort of pathogen is an obligate intracellular organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the study of...
viruses
bacteria
fungi |
|
Definition
virology
bacteriology
mycology |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sort of pathogen is a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prokaryote: free DNA in cytoplasm, no nucleus
eukaryote: nucleus with DNA; organelles |
|
|
Term
| What phase of bacterial growth can also be called "doubling time"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the types of pathogens from smallest to largest: |
|
Definition
prion
virus
bacteria
fungi
protozoa
parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
binary fission (budding)
fruiting body (spore) |
|
|
Term
| What sort of pathogens are eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do protozoa reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NF stand for? What does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Normal Flora- non-pathogenic microbes on/in the body |
|
|
Term
| Which places in the body should be free of normal flora? |
|
Definition
-spinal fluid
-blood
-bladder |
|
|
Term
| Microbes range in size from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of oxygen at specific pressure in atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| Majority of clinically significant bacteria require pH _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Majority of bacteria pathogenic to animals requires what temperature range? What is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria with low temp requirements are called ______. Bacteria with high temp requirements are called ______. |
|
Definition
low- psychrophiles
high- thermophiles |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria have specific requirements for what 4 environmental factors? |
|
Definition
| temp, pH, O2 tension, nutrition |
|
|
Term
| What liquid media is often used for anaerobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require absence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can grow under a variety of conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prefer reduced O2 tension (lower O2 conc than what's in atmosphere), and increased CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require high levels of CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dried extract of sea algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein from animal tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-general purpose media
-antibiotic sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood Agar Plate
-enriched media
-beta, alpha, gamma, delta hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| How do enriched medias affect bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of enriched media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-enriched media
-anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the types of hemolysis shown on a BAP: |
|
Definition
Beta: complete hemolysis, "clearing"
Alpha: partial hemolysis, "greening"
Gamma: no hemolysis
Delta: double zone hemolysis (clear then green) |
|
|
Term
| Is blood agar differential or selective? |
|
Definition
| differential - the way that bacteria affect the blood on the plate helps you ID the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Selective vs Differential media |
|
Definition
Selective: promotes the growth of certain bacteria
Differential: helps distinguish different bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Is MacConkey differential or selective? Explain. |
|
Definition
| selective - crystal violet inhibits Gm+ growth, so the media selects for Gm- bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Is Simmons Citrate differential or selective? |
|
Definition
| differential - media starts off green, and bacteria that can use citrate turn it blue |
|
|
Term
| What are pre-enrichment media used for? |
|
Definition
| increase the number of organisms before you plate it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pre-enrichment and differential
-increases # orgs before plating
-becomes transparent if Strep (vs Staph)
-detect septicemia |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria are organized by what 3 traits? |
|
Definition
| shape, arrangement, staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pl bacilli
-rod or cylinder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pl spirilla
-twisted like spiral
-motile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shape ranges from cocci to rod
-eg coccobacilli |
|
|
Term
| Name the shapes of bacteria: |
|
Definition
-cocci
-bacilli
-spirilla
-pleomorphic |
|
|
Term
| Name the arrangements of bacteria, describe each, and give an example. |
|
Definition
-single: lone bacterium; spirillum and most bacilli
-pairs: two bacteria; diplococci like Strep. pneumoniae
-short/long chains: Streptococcus
-clusters/bunches/groups: Staph. aureus
-palisade: like fence posts, Corynebacterium |
|
|
Term
| When describing bacteria, in what order do you list their traits? |
|
Definition
stain - shape - arrangement
eg. Gm- cocci in short chains |
|
|
Term
| 2 genus of bacteria that have endospores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-resistant to heat, dessication, chemicals, radiation
-can be central, subterminal, or terminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacterium has central endospores? Subterminal? Terminal? |
|
Definition
Central: Bacillus anthracis
Subterminal: Clostridium chauvoei
Terminal: Clostridium tetani |
|
|
Term
| What bacterium causes "black leg"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aids in ID
-determine predominant organisms in mixed specimen
-help determine culture medium
-help determine appropriate anti-bacterials for sensitivity testing |
|
|
Term
| Gm staining doesn't work for what bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how to perform a Gm stain: |
|
Definition
1. heat fix
2. crystal violent 1 min, rinse
3. iodine 1 min, rinse
4. decolorizer until clear, rinse
5. safranin 1 min, rinse |
|
|
Term
| What color are Gm+ bacteria? What color are Gm- bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When reporting your findings on a Gm stain slide, what do you need to include? |
|
Definition
-whole smear and individual bacteria
-staining, shape, arrangement of bacteria
-quantify the bacteria
-epi cells, inflammatory cells
-lysed WBCs = pink proteinaceous material |
|
|
Term
| How can you find a good spot to evaluate a Gm stain slide? |
|
Definition
| look for pink epis with purple cocci (NF) |
|
|
Term
| How to distinguish artifacts from bacteria: |
|
Definition
| artifacts may be refractile, have edges, not be uniform size/shape |
|
|
Term
| When looking at a Gm stain fecal smear, it is important to note what? |
|
Definition
| proportion of Gm+ to Gm- bacteria (healthy = mostly Gm+) |
|
|
Term
| What is the KOH test used for? How do you perform it? |
|
Definition
-gram variable reaction
-differentiate Gm+ from Gm-
1. mix sample with drop KOH
2. stir 2 min
3. Gm- become mucoid, strand-like; Gm+ remain homogenous |
|
|
Term
| Name the simple stains and for what they are used. |
|
Definition
-crystal violet: yeast
-methylene blue: yeast
-lactophenol blue: confirm and ID fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preserves fungal structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stains chitin in fungal cell wall |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen is often isolated from the ears of dogs with chronis otitis externa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Candida usually found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What to record about yeast? |
|
Definition
-is it budding?
-are there hyphae? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vegetative structure of yeast |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 types of yeast and where they are often found: |
|
Definition
-Malassezia: ears
-Candida: MM
-Aspergillus: bird lungs/air sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wood's lamp may ID ringworm, but it depends on... |
|
Definition
| the stage the fungi is in |
|
|
Term
| DTM turns ___ if positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to diagnose dermatophytes? |
|
Definition
-Wood's lamp
-DTM: + turns red
-fungassay
-Sabouraud agar media for culture
-lactophenol blue |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 pathogenic fungi (not yeast), and describe them. |
|
Definition
Blastomycoses:
-"Chicago Disease"
-sniff moist soil in spring
-destroys lungs
-hard to treat
Histoplasma
-need high exposure
-bird/bat droppings (eg caves) |
|
|
Term
| Acid fast staining is often used for what sort of specimen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria must you stain with Acid Fast instead of Gm stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is Giemsa stain used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is Malachite Green used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from Acid Fast, what are 3 special stains? |
|
Definition
| Giemsa, Malachite Green, Fluorescent |
|
|
Term
| When is fluorescent stain used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Gm staining often the first step in ID'ing bacteria? |
|
Definition
-start Tx based on Gm+ or Gm-, then confirm
-get idea of which antibiotic disks to use |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of inoculation and isolation? |
|
Definition
| isolate bacteria of interest with most aseptic method |
|
|
Term
| What comes first: streak plate or gram stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After making a streak plate, what do you do? |
|
Definition
-incubate it at 37C for most pathogenic bacteria, for 12-24 hrs
-check plate, if growth then isolate colonies |
|
|
Term
| What traits should you evaluate when describing bacterial colonies on a streak plate? |
|
Definition
-form
-elevation
-margins
-texture
-pigmentation |
|
|
Term
| Method used to ID bacteria: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "fastidious" bacteria means: |
|
Definition
| has complex nutritional requirements, very picky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-performed on Gm+ cocci and small Gm+ bacilli
-more opaque and frothy if positive
-POS: Staph or Bacillus
-NEG: Strep or Clostridium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-performed on Catalase+ Gm+ cocci
-grows fibrin clot if positive
-POS: pathogenic S. aureus
-NEG: S. epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-performed on Gm- bacilli
-turns dark color if positive
-POS: Pseudomonas
-NEG: enterics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kit identification
-hemolyze RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kit identification
-enterics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kit identification
-used on oxidase neg enterics
-plastic strips with wells, a bunch of tests in 1
-$$$
-doesn't work for exotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kit identification
-pH specific organisms |
|
|
Term
| ELISA can used to test for what? Is it often used? |
|
Definition
-Salmonella and Staph
-not really because $$$ |
|
|
Term
| What sort of sample and media are used for antibiotic susceptibility testing? |
|
Definition
| pure culture on Mueller Hinton |
|
|
Term
| What does MIC stand for? What does it tell us? |
|
Definition
MIC = Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
tells us if bacteria is sensitive or resistant to an anbiotic |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for when 4 bacteria are clumped neatly together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
--Streptococcus (opportunistic, commensal gut)
--Enterococcus (opportunistic, commensal gut)
--Staphylococcus (opportunistic, commensal skin/MM, Ab resistant strains) |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus is usually in what formation/s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grape-like clusters are associated with what bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flesh-eating bacteria is most closely associated with what bacterium? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus (or Strep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rare
-usually not in chains or clusters
--Moraxella (bovis/ovis) = IBK, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| What does IBK stand for? What bacterium causes it? |
|
Definition
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
-Moraxella bovis(ovis)
-Gm- cocci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vary greatly in size/appearance, so describe!
--Bacillus
--Clostridium
--Corynebacterium
--Listeria
--Actinomyces
--Nocardia
--Erysipelothrix
--Lactobacillus |
|
|
Term
| What traits do Bacillus and Clostridium share? What differs? |
|
Definition
BOTH: GM+ bacilli, spore-formers that produce toxins
Bacillus = aerobe, zoonotic
Clostridium = anaerobe |
|
|
Term
| Gm+ bacilli, aerobic spore-former that produces toxins and is zoonotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gm+ bacilli, anaerobic spore-former that produces toxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Notable Corynebacterium species? What do they cause? |
|
Definition
C. bovis = mastitis
C. pseudotuberculosis = ulceratiev lymphangitis in horses/cattle |
|
|
Term
| Gm+ Bacilli that are pallisading? |
|
Definition
-Corynebacterium
-Listeria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pallisading Gm+ Bacilli
-cattle (abortions and encephalitis)
-zoonotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm+ Bacilli
-anaerobic, filamentous
-A. bovis = lumpy jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aerobic, filamentous
-intracellular
-partial acid fast
->30 spp cause Dz in animals |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria has over 30 spp that cause Dz in animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Lumpy jaw" is associated with what bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacterium is carried in the larynx of 50% of pigs and is shed in feces, urine, and saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Diamond skin" is associated with what bacterium? Describe the disease. |
|
Definition
Erysipelothrix
-septicemia, high mortality, red spots on skin in acute cases, zoonotic, there is a pig vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Erysipelas mostly in pigs
-septicemia
-high mortality
-zoonotic
-vaccine for pigs
-diamond skin in acute cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wide size variation
--Pseudomonas: P. aeruginosa = guinea pig pneumonia
--Brucella: Brucellosis, zoonotic
--Bordatella
--Francisella: F. tularensis = tularemia, rabbits, zoonotic
--Neisseria: commensal in mouth; opportunistic elsewhere; gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
| Guinea pig pneumonia is associated with what bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the stain / O2 requirement / shape of Brucella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes tularemia? What sort of bacterium is it? |
|
Definition
Francisella tularensis
Gm- Aerobic Bacilli |
|
|
Term
| Human gonorrhea is associated with what bacterium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Commensal bacterium in the mouth that can cause opportunistic infections via bites? What sort of bacterium is it? |
|
Definition
Neisseria
Gm- Aerobic Bacilli |
|
|
Term
| Gm- Facultative Bacilli (just list) |
|
Definition
--Escherichia
--Shigella
--Salmonella
--Klebsiella
--Enterobacter
--Citrobacter
--Yersinia
--Proteus
--Aeromonas
--Actinobacillus
--Haemophilus
--Pasteurella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gm- Facultative Bacilli
-NF but can cause UTIs
-highly pathogenic strains 0157:H7, ESBL |
|
|
Term
| What bacterium causes dysentary in people and NHPs? What sort of bacterium is it? |
|
Definition
| Shigella, a Gm- Facultative Bacilli |
|
|
Term
| What bacterium is NF but can opportunistically cause pneumonia? What sort of bacterium is it? |
|
Definition
| Klebsiella, Gm- Facultative Bacilli |
|
|
Term
| What is the most isolated pathogen? What sort of bacterium is it? |
|
Definition
| Enterobacter, Gm- Facultative Bacilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gm- Facultative Bacilli
NF, opportunistic, motile, most frequently isolated pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enterobacter coli
NF, UTI, highly pathogenic strains like 0157:H7, ESBL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Facultative Bacilli
-ubiquitous in aquatic environment
-pathogenic to fish and cold-blooded spp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Facultative Bacilli
-oral cavity
-opportunistic, mostly LA pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Facultative Bacilli
-oral commensal
-opportunistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Facultative Bacilli
-P. multocida = pasteurellosis in rabbits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Anaerobic Bacilli
-gut NF esp. in carnivores
-opportunistic
-increasing # Ab resistant strains |
|
|
Term
| What bacterium is found in the gut of all warm-blooded animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Anaerobic Bacilli
-gut NF esp. in carnivores
-opportunistic
-increasing # Ab resistant strains |
|
|
Term
| Gm- Pleomorphic (just list) |
|
Definition
--Chlamydia
--Haemobartonella
--Anaplasma
--Ricketsia
--Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
--Leptospira
--Treponema
--Borrelia |
|
|
Term
| Spiral and Curved Bacteria |
|
Definition
Campylobacter
Helicobacter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Pleomorphic
-parasitic bacteria attach to RBC cell wall
-reclassified as Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gm- Pleomorphic
-intracellular parasitic bacteria
-C. psittaci
-zoonotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-spirochete
-syphillis in humans and rabbits |
|
|
Term
| What bacterium causes syphilis in humans? What other animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tick/Flea-borne obligate parasitic spirochete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-spiral/curved, or boomerang-shaped
-GI Dz, zoonotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H. pylori = ulcers in humans / NHPs |
|
|
