Term
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Definition
| The science that deals with microscopically small living things. (too small to see with the naked eye) |
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Term
| What are the 5 branches of microbiology? |
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Definition
-bacteriology
-virology
-mycology
-protozoology
-algology/phycology |
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Term
| What are prokaryotic cells?. |
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Definition
| Single-celled organisms that do not have distinct, membrane bound nuclei or organells |
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Term
| What 3 organisms are prokaryotic? |
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Definition
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Cyanobacteria |
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Term
| What are some eukaryotic cell types? |
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Definition
-Humans
-Avians
-plants, etc |
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Term
| How are bacteria divided into groups based on staining characteristics? |
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Definition
-Gram positive
-Gram negative |
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Term
| How are gram positive/negative different? |
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Definition
| They have different cell wall structure and respond differently to antibiotics |
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Term
| What other differentiations may help you classify different species of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Shape, arrangement, colony characteristics, growth and reactions on different media |
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Term
| What are the LVT's goals concerning bacteriology? |
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Definition
-To KNOW common diseases caused by bacterial infections
-To understand how to same for culture, isolate, identify, and determine the best way to TREAT bacterial disease |
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Term
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Definition
| -Growing and identifying bacteria associated with disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Determining which antimicrobial drug would be best to treat the specific infection you cultured |
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Term
| Are bacteria larger than viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are bacteria larger or smaller than animal and plant cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 9 components of bacteria structure? |
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Definition
-capsule
-cell wall
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-mesosomes
-flagella
-pili
-plasmid
-endospore |
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Term
| What is the bacteria capsule? |
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Definition
| The outer most covering of bacteria (not all have capsules) |
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Term
| What are capsules composed of? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates and proteins |
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Term
| What are the functions of a capsule? |
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Definition
-Protects against phagocytosis
-Promotes attachment
-Produces infectivity
-Prevents nutrient loss and dehydration
-Provides antigenicity |
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Term
| What are the two layers of the cell wall? |
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Definition
-base layer
-outside layer |
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Term
| What are the functions of the cell wall? |
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Definition
-Give rigidity to bacterial cells
-Maintains shape and size |
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Term
| Which bacteria do NOT have cell walls? |
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Definition
-Mycoplasma
-Spiral bacteria |
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Term
| What is the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| innermost layer of bacteria that separates the cytoplasm from the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two areas of cytoplasm? |
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Definition
-cytoplasmic area
-nuclear are |
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Term
| What is in the "cytoplasmic area"? |
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Definition
-ribosomes
-storage granules |
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Term
| What is the significance of the nuclear area? |
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Definition
| it is a DNA rich area that transmits the information to new cells during cellular reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Invaginations of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell membrane |
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Term
| What is the purpose of mesosomes? |
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Definition
-secretion
-cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, whip-like appendages made of protein on some bacteria |
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Term
| Can flagella be seen by a light microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the purposes of flagella? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Moving toward or away from Light |
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Term
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Definition
| moving in response to chemicals |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of flagella arrangements? |
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Definition
-monotrichous
-lophotrichous
-amphitrichous (bipolar)
-peritrichous |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, whip-like, hollow tubes that protrude through the cell wall. |
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Term
| Can there be more than one pili per cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you see pili with a light microscope? |
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Definition
| No, must use an electron microscope |
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Term
| What are the main functions of pili? |
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Definition
-NOT motility
-Adhesiveness
-transferring DNA from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular, double stranded, self-replicating unit of DNA that contains genesto transfer drug resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| A thick-walled, refractile body able to withstand adverse environmental conditions for long periods. Produced within vegetative cells of certain bacteria |
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Term
| Can all bacteria form spores? (endospores) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 bacteria that can form spores? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formation of a spore called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the three locations spores can be within a cell? |
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Definition
-Central
-Terminal
-Subterminal |
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Term
| What are the three categories of bacterial morphology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four groups according to shape? |
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Definition
-Coccus-(spherical)
-bacillus-(cylindrical or rod)
-spiral
-pleomorphic |
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Term
| What two types of media can bacteria grow on/in? |
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Definition
-Solid media
-Liquid media |
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Term
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Definition
| An agar plate or broth tube that contains only one type of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| An agar tube or broth plate that contains more than one type of bacteria |
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Term
| What are the 5 categories of bacterial colony morphology? |
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Definition
-Shape/form
-Margins
-Elevation
-Texture
-Color |
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Term
| What are the options to describe form/shape? |
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Definition
-punctiform
-circular
-filamentous
-irregular
-rhizoid
-spindle |
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Term
| What are the options to describe elevation? |
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Definition
-flat
-raised
-convex
-pulvinate
-umbonate |
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Term
| What are the options to describe margins? |
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Definition
-entire
-undulate
-lobate
-erose
-filamentous
-curled |
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Term
| What can influence the color of bacterial colonies? |
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Definition
| Temperature and nutrient supply |
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Term
| What are the 3 growth patterns in broth? |
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Definition
-Cloudiness
-Flocculent
-sediment |
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Term
| What are the broth surface growth patterns observed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Surface growth that looks like pond scum |
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Term
| How do you test the aerotolerance of bacteria? |
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Definition
| -Use stab inoculation of bacteria to the bottom of an agar tube |
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Term
| What are the 3 methods for transfer of bacteria? |
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Definition
-broth to broth
-broth to solid
-Solid to solid |
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Term
| What are the three parts of bacterial physiology? |
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Definition
-nutrition
-growth
-reproduction |
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Term
| What are the 6 essential nutrients of bacteria? |
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Definition
-Carbs
-Protein
-Lipids
-Water
-Inorganic salts
-Trace minerals |
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Term
| Which nutrient is the main source of energy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does protein do in bacterial nutrition? |
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Definition
| It is a source of nitrogen and amino acids to build bacterial proteins |
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Term
| What are the 4 factors affecting bacterial growth? |
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Definition
-temperature
-gas requirements
-pH
-osmotic pressure |
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Term
| How do low temps affect bacterial growth? |
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Definition
| Low temps decrease enzyme activity |
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Term
| How do high temps affect bacterial growth? |
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Definition
| High temps denature proteins |
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Term
| At what temp are most bacterial incubators kept? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Cold-loving bacteria (around room temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that thrives in the middle zone. body temperature |
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Term
| Why are mesophiles considered the most pathogenic bacteria? |
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Definition
| Because they love body temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat loving bacteria. They may survive the high temps of pasteurization |
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Term
| What are the gas requirements of aerobic bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the gas requirements of anaerobic bacteria? |
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Definition
| They grow only in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
| What are the gas requirements of facultative bacteria? |
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Definition
| They will grow in the presence OR absence of bacteria |
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Term
| What are the gas requirements of microaerophilic bacteria? |
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Definition
| They grow best in concentrations of oxygen that are less than air |
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Term
| What pH value is optimum for most bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean that bacterial cell membranes are semipermeable? |
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Definition
| Water can pass freely in and out (among some other things) |
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Term
| What will happen if a bacterial cell is exposed to a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| This will cause creanation of the cell |
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Term
| What will happen if a bacterial cell is exposed to a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| This will cause lysis of the cell |
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Term
| What type of reproduction do bacteria undergo? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial cell increases in size and elongates, splits own the middle and forms 2 new cells. |
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Term
| How long does it take a newly formed bacteria to reach adult size and divide? |
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Definition
| only 15-30 minutes under the right conditions |
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Term
| What are the 4 phases bacteria grow in when introduced into a medium? |
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Definition
-lag phase
-logarithmic phase
-stationary phase
-death/decline phase |
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Term
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Definition
| When a medium is first inoculated with bacteria and they do not immediately "take off" |
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Term
| What is the logarithmic phase? |
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Definition
| It is when the population of bacteria is doubling at regular intervals. The cell division rate greatly exceeds the death rate. |
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Term
| What is the stationary phase? |
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Definition
| When the growth rate equals the death rate of cells as nutrients are exhausted. |
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Term
| In what phase are cells most resistant? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the decline/death phase? |
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Definition
| When the death rate exceeds reproductive rate due to the depletion of nutrients |
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Term
| What does commensal mean? |
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Definition
| Deriving slight benefit without causing much harm |
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Term
| Where is staphylococcus commensal? |
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Definition
| The skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals |
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Term
| How can staphylococcus cause harm? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does MRSA stand for? |
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Definition
| Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| How is MRSA different than other infections cause by Staph? |
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Definition
| It is resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial drugs and is more common in people |
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Term
| Where is Streptococcus commonly commensal? |
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Definition
-Skin
-Mucous membranes of genital, upper respiratory and digestive tracts |
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Term
| Does Streptococcus produce toxins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which species of Streptococcus causes Strep throat in humans? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What specie of Streptococcus causes equine strangles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of equine strangles? |
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Definition
-submandibular swelling and abscessation
-Lymphnode infection
-fever, anorexia, nasal discharge, and possible infection of gutteral pouches |
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Term
| What are gutteral pouches? |
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Definition
| Air-filled pouches on either side of a horses head that extend off of the eustachian tube and equalize pressure in the ear |
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Term
| How is Streptococcus equi transmitted? |
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Definition
| On fomites and by other horses |
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Term
| What is Streptococcus zooepidemicus? |
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Definition
-A genital infection in mares and cows
-epididymitis in stallions |
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Term
| What is Enterococcus faecalis? |
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Definition
| A commensal organism in GI tracts of mammals that is normally non-pathogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil, feces, genital secretions, moldy hay and raw and processed foods |
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Term
| What does Listeria cause? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is listeriosis also called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What animal is Erysipelothrix normally associated with? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 forms of Erysipelothrix? |
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Definition
-Acute septicemia
-Skin-diamond skin disease of abdomen, ears and snout
-Endocarditis and arthritis |
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Term
| What are the forms of Bacillus anthracis? |
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Definition
-Cutaneous
-gastrointestinal
-pulmonary |
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|
Term
| What are the other species of Bacillus talked about? |
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Definition
-Bacillus cereus
-Bacillus subtilis |
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Term
| What can Bacillus cereus cause? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specie of Clostridium causes blackleg in cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do cattle get blackleg? |
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Definition
| through ingestion or wounds/castration/dehorning |
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Term
| What specie of Clostridium causes botulism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What specie of Clostridium causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What specie of Clostridium causes tenanus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Pasteurella cause in rabbits? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Pasteurella cause in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some clinical signs of shipping fever in cattle? |
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Definition
-Fever
-Anorexia
-Dyspnea
-Coughing
-Nasal Discharge
-Pneumonia |
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Term
| How is shipping fever transferred? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is Haemophilus commensal? |
|
Definition
-The prepuce of the dog
-mucous membranes of respiratory tract and genital tract |
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Term
| What does Haemophilus cause in cattle? |
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Definition
-meningoencephalitis
-pneumonia
-conjuctivitis |
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Term
| Where is Bordetella commensal? |
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Definition
| upper respiratory tract of dogs and swine |
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Term
| What does Bordetella cause in dogs? |
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Definition
-part of the kennel cough complex
-honking cough
-exercise intolerance |
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Term
| What does bordetella cause in swine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Actinobacillus found? |
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Definition
| In the nasal cavity of healthy animals and the rumen of cattle, sheep and goats |
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Term
| When does disease occur from Actinobacillus? |
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Definition
| When there is oral trauma. |
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Term
| What does Actinobacillus cause in cattle? |
|
Definition
| "Wooden tongue" causes swelling of the tongue |
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Term
| Where is Pseudomonas commonly found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Pseudomonas cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Ear and urinary tract infections |
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|
Term
| What does Pseudomonas cause in horses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Pseudomonas cause in cattle? |
|
Definition
-mastitis
-abortion
-traumatic pericarditis |
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|
Term
| What does Pseudomonas cause in swine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What color does Pseudomonas produce on agar? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease of fish, reptiles, and amphibians |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes "pink eye" in cattle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When i Moraxella most common? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Moraxella transmitted? |
|
Definition
-flies
-cows rubbing faces on eachother |
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Term
| What is Enterobacteriaceae? |
|
Definition
| An intestinal bacteria that rapidly invades surrounding tissues after death. |
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Term
| What does E. coli cause in calves and piglets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does E. coli cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does E. coli cause in horses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the septic form of Salmonella seen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can Klebsiella cause in cattle, pigs, and horses? |
|
Definition
-Mastitis
-Cervicitis
-metritis
-septicemia |
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Term
| What does Klebsiella cause in dogs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can Proteus cause in dogs? |
|
Definition
| cystitis and urinary infections |
|
|
Term
| What can Proteus cause in cats? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Opportunistic, nosocomial pathogens found on human skin, fruits, veggies, and equipment |
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