Who was the first person to see a microoganism?

*It was a fungus

First to see bacteria in a microscope from the scruff of his teeth.

Also ground his own lenses- 200-300x

Paul Ehrlick and Robert Koch

(1881)

Robert Koch

(1883)

Richard Petri

(1887)

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

Explained fermentation

Invented pastuerization

John Tyndall

(1887)

boil 10 min--->wait 24 hours

kills vegetative cell

boil 10 min--->wait 24 hours

kills new cells before they develop an endospore

boil 10 min--->wait 24 hours

Just to be sure

Proof that some particular organism causes a particular disease

1. In every case of a particular disease, you can observe the same organism
2. You can grow this organism in a lab in a pure culture
3. You can inoculate healthy susceptible subjects with this organism & they will all get original disease
4. From these inoculated subjects you can isolate the original organism

Who figured out why cows kept getting sick with Anthrax?

(It was from the earthworms bringing the endospores of the disease from the dead cows to the surface)

Who was the first man to use a vaccination?

He would inoculate the person with cow pox to cure small pox

vacca=cow

Who was the first person to use chemotherapeutic agent to kill syphilis?

He called it Salvorsan

Who was the first to develop an antibiotic?

It was called penicillin: named after the genus of fungus that secreted it.

• Lots of peptidoglycan
• few lipids
• no lipid A
• contains teichoic acid

• little peptidoglycan
• lots of lipids
• has lipid A
• no techoic acid

1. Make bacteria smear, let dry
2. heat fix bacteria to slide
3. Stain with Crystal Violet (Primary Stain), rinse
4. Stain with Gram's Iodine (Mordant Stain), rinse
5. use acetone or ethyl alcohol as decolorizer, rinse as soon as purple stops running. This is very quick!
6. Stain with Safranin (Secondary/Counter stain), rinse

What is taxonomy?

What are taxons?

Taxonomy is a way of grouping things

Taxons are categories

Who was the first person to categorize living things?

What were the categories?

Aristotle:

• Plants
• don't move
• energy from sun
• produce organic molecules
• rigid
• Animals
• move 
• E from sun
• consume organic molecules
• flexible

Pro: Primitive

Eu: True

• no nucleus
• no membrane-bound organelles
• 70s ribosomes
• rapid, asexual production
• single, circular chromosome
• no histones
• simple flagella if flagella are present

• Nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• 80s ribosomes
• slow, sexual reproduction
• paired linear chromosomes
• histones
• complex flagella if flagella are present

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum(animals)/ Division(plants)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (same species if they can reproduce with each other)

• Capsule/ slime layer/ glycocalyx

What is the plasma membrane?

*destroying the plasma membrane kills the cell

lipid bi-layer

[image]

• Clear, slightly sticky, nutrient rich,
• 80% water w. proteins, ions, etc.

Single, large, circular chromosome

[image]

• An extra chromosomal circle of DNA which codes to make a single product.
• Usually creates an enzyme which breaks down an antibiotic
• can code for other types of enzymes i.e. food breakdown
• Plasmids come and go from the organism
• Plasmids reproduce with the cell.

• Comes and goes from cell
• can be anything extra that the cell was using but isn't using at the moment--just floats arouns the cytoplasm
• Can be lipids, phosphate, glycogen, starch, sulfur granules, enzymes, or a gas bubble(for bouyancy) 

• Thick walled
• resists adverse conditions in the environment
• regenerates vegetative cell when conditions improve

Central: In the center of cell

Terminal: at the end of the cell

subterminal: almost at the end of the cell

1. Energy Source
2. Carbon Source
3. Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphate source
4. Metallic elements
5. Vitamins
6. Water

1. Maintenance
2. Enriched
3. Selective
4. Differential

Very basic, keeps organisms alive

i.e. nutrient agar

Has extra nutrients

Can be used to make organisms grow faster/ larger or for fastidious organisms 

Media that inhibits some organisms from growing but allows others to grow.

ex: high Na, acid or alkaline, certain dyes also can inhibit cells that are G+ from growing.

• Differential Media has Sugar, Protein, and a pH indicator.
• It is used to determine if an organism can eat sugar.
• If an organism can eat sugar, it will eat the sugar before the protein.
• Sugar-->acidic end product
  Protein-->alkaline end product
• If pH turns acid within 24 hours, it means organism can eat sugar. 

organism that requires cold temperatures

can survive 0^°C or less

optimal is 15-20°C

organism that requires medium temperatures

25-40°C

organism that requires warm temp

can survive boiling

optimal temp is 45-60°C

obligate or strict

ex: strict aerobe

Enzyme=organic catalyst

• Speeds up reactions
• is not used up in the process
• made of protein
• does not produce extra end product
• can be denatured by too much heat or acid
• highly specific
• Named based on their substrate (what they act upon)
• "substrate"+"ase" }
  lactose + ase+=lactase