Term
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Definition
| Viruses have DNA or RNA in a protein coat called a __ |
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Term
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Definition
| Some viruses are enclosed in a phospholipid membrane called an __ |
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Term
| Enveloped viruses, Envelope |
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Definition
| __ __ cannot survive long outside the body because it cannot maintain it's __ outside the body, and therefore must be transmitted person to person. Alcohol can kill __ __ by hurting the phospholipid membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| __ __ pretty much wait to be picked up. All __ __ are resistant to alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses have few, if any,__ |
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses have NO __. They don't undergo respiration, they don't make or use ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can only __ inside host cell (obligate intracellular parasite). |
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Term
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Definition
Viruses are the most __ microorganisms on this planet!! WOAH!!
are they considered living or nonliving organisms? they don't quite fit in with the definition of life. don't have cells, don't have metabolic pathways... |
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Term
Chick embryo
Live animal
cell cultures (tissue cultures) |
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Definition
| 3 ways of culturing viruses |
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Term
Plaque
cytopathic effect (CPE) |
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Definition
| cell cultures (tissue cultures) -you aren't looking for colonies of viruses but rather evidence of viral infection. What are the two main things you look for? |
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Term
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Definition
| area of cell death caused by the virus |
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Term
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Definition
distortion in the size and shape of the cell caused by the virus.
ex. normal cell has a spindle shape, but when the cell is infected with the
virus it becomes more rounded. |
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Term
Helical
Icosahedral
Complex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tubular or cylindrical (rabies virus-shaped like a bullet) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
if its not helical and its not icosahedral then its got to be this. If t
has attachments to it then it is considered __. ex. bacteriophage, smallpox) |
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Term
1)Attachment
2)Penetration
3)Replication and Assembly
4)Lysis and Release |
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Definition
| Bacteriophages: steps in infection (4) |
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Term
|
Definition
must bind to specific receptors on the bacterial surface (tail
fibers are used to attach the bacteriophage to the bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
when tail fibers (leg like) attach to receptors, it causes tail
sheeth (pin like) to firmly attach to membrane. Tail sheeth acts kind of like a
syringe and contracts to inject viral DNA into the bacteria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
after DNA is injected in to bacteria, you get expression of early mRNA (proteins that take control of bacteria-includes
the enzymes that degrade bacterial DNA (generalized transduction), and
other enzymes modify bacterial RNA polymerase to bind only viral DNA,
and express only viral RNA-you have the complete shutdown of bacterial
DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It's forced to devote all of its energy and
resources to making new viruses.)-RNA expression before synthesis
(100,00 of copies) of viral DNA.
Replication of viral DNA
expression of late mRNA- RNA that is transcribed after all of the viral
DNA copies have been made (codes for viral capsid proteins, enzyme
involved in capsid assembly, and then enzymes involved in cell lysis |
|
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Term
1) Attachment
2) Penetration |
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Definition
| Lysogenic Infection: Steps (2) |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA fuses into bacterial DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause a lysogenic infection |
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Term
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Definition
| viral DNA that has inserted itself into bacterial DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
conversion of lysogenic to lytic infection (what happens in specialized
transduction) |
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Term
|
Definition
Some bacteria can only cause an infection when they have a __ __
ex. Corynebacterium diphtheriae (apparently only the prophage carries the virulance). |
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Term
|
Definition
| how do we treat bacterial infections that are resistance to all antibiotics? in the early days __ were once used to treat infections. we are back to square one so researchers are now looking at __ to treat these infections |
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Term
1) Attachment
2) Penetration
3) Replication
4) Release |
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Definition
| Viruses of Eukaryotes: Steps of Infection (4) |
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Term
|
Definition
they have to recognize and attache to specific receptors on
the cell surface.
the distribution of receptors in the body plays a role in determining what
parts of the body are going to be infected by the virus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
generally naked viruses and enveloped viruses have different
mechanisms of penetration.
most naked viruses induce uptake by endocytosis
enveloped viruses some induce endocytosis, but others the envelope will
fuse with the membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
as a general rule DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, RNA
viruses replicate in the cytoplasm.
early mRNA proteins that take control of the cell (shut down DNA,
RNA, and protein synthesis, and forces the cell to devote all of its energy
to making new viruses. DOES NOT chew up the DNA.
Replication of viral DNA or RNA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the DNA of a virus has __ of __ ways of replicating |
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Term
have their own specific DNA polymerase (don't need host
cell mechanism at all. ex. herpes, valtrex inhibits the herpes DNA
polymerase |
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Definition
| Option 1 of Viral DNA replication |
|
|
Term
modify host cell DNA polymerase to replicate only viral
DNA. these are the viruses we have no treatment against (just
have to let it run its course). ex. Adenovirus |
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Definition
| Option 2 of Viral DNA replication |
|
|
Term
a little more complicated because each virus (group) has a slightly
different way of replicating |
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Definition
| Replication of RNA viruses |
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Term
| Positive- strand (or positive sense) RNA |
|
Definition
viruses in which the viral RNA is mRNA (RNA is mRNA). (+)RNA ----------- -->codes for Proteins, but there is also an
enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that codes
for a complementary strand. This complementary strand is
the template strand for synthesis of more viral RNA.(100,000's.
----------------
---------------- --> (complementary strand) |
|
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Term
| Negative-strand (or negative sense) RNA |
|
Definition
viruses in which the viral RNA is not the mRNA (RNA is the template for the synthesis of mRNA). (-) RNA has an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase that make mRNA (that codes for proteins) and at
the same time it is used at the template for synthesis of more
viral RNA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(+)-------- --> proteins
(-)-------- --> RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase
makes several copies of (+) strand. Each copy gets
complementary strand (to make it double stranded). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(+)---------- --> Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA
polymerase)...uses RNA as a template to make DNA
(+)--------------
(DNA)--------- --> gets a complimentary DNA strand
(cDNA)--------
insert itself into the human genome (dormant)...lets hope
they stay that way!!
if it becomes active, this double stranded DNA will be
used to make hundreds and thousands of copies of the
viral RNA. (+)-------- |
|
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Term
|
Definition
forms a capsid around all of the copies of viral DNA or
RNA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Naked viruses are released by __ __ |
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Term
|
Definition
Enveloped viruses- the viral proteins are __ in the cell membrane.
the newly formed virus presses against the membrane. and part of the
membrane forms the envelope around the virus. |
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Term
|
Definition
Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma,
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Human T lymphotropic Virus, type 1 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Human T lymphotropic virus, type 1 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Merkel Cell Polyoma Virus |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
all effect the CNS
can take years or centuries to develop
there is no treatment, and all of them are fatal
they "reproduce" without nucleic acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
Scrapie
Kuru
Creutzfeld Jakob Disease |
|
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Term
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
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Definition
| A prion disease also known as mad cow disease |
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Term
|
Definition
A prion disease characterized by a infection in sheep and goats. develop an itching sensation that is so
sever that they will do anything to relieve the itch...will rub their hide raw
and die from it. |
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Term
|
Definition
A prion disease found almost exclusively in New Guinea...where canobolism was
practiced...those who ate the brains developed this some decades
later...symptoms are body tremors, bouts of laughter, and progressive
dementia. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A prion disease characterized by a rapidly progressing dementia,
visual abnormalities, and problems with muscle coordination, speaking and
walking. During the course of the disease, the pt. will develop abnormal
refluxes tremors, and behavior changes. is fatal w/in 4-7 months after
symptoms appear. |
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Term
| How do Prion diseases work? |
|
Definition
prions are infectious proteins
when the prion reaches the CNS it attaches to the brain and somehow
induces adjacent brain proteins to change their shape to become prions.
which in turn induces other brain proteins to become prions. occurs until it
potentially causes damage to the brain. (holes) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the science of classifying living organisms |
|
|
Term
| the groups and categories have names: |
|
Definition
Domain (Daring)
Kingdom (King)
Phylum (Phillip)
Class (Came)
Order (Over)
Family (From)
Genus (Germany) Homo
Species (Suddenly) sapiens |
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Term
|
Definition
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya (protoza, fungi, algae, plants, and animals) |
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Term
| Methods of Classification (6) |
|
Definition
1)Morphology
2)Differential Staining
3)Biochemical Tests
4)Serology
5)Phage Type
6)DNA Typing |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial shape and arrangement (rod-shapped, di...) |
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Term
|
Definition
(gram stain/acid fast stain)
these two can give you the initial clues of whats causing the infection
*gram positive diplococci |
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Term
|
Definition
widely used to identify bacteria (particularly gram negative rods) and various species of yeasts. Especially important for the
family: Enterobacteriaceae (very large group with many species which are differentiated by the different results of the biochemical tests) which makes up a large sum of the gram negative viruses you will see in your patients. This test can distinguish between closely related species |
|
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Term
|
Definition
use of antibodies to identify bacteria. these species of bacteria
has its own unique surface components, and the antibodies can tell the
difference. Ex. Rebecca Lancefield developed a system for identifying
streptococcus on the basis of serology. she developed a serologic system
for identifying each species Streptococcus and used the antibodies to
identify them.
Group A strep-Strep. Pyogenes
Group B strep- Strep. agalactae
Group D strep- Enterococcus
it can can be used to identify strains within a species of bacteria as well
(Serotyping). Ex. E. coli 0157:H7 (that is a specific serotype of E. coli of
perhaps hundreds). tracing back a salmonella outbreak back to the strain of
bacteria that caused it, and seeing who all were infected with the same
strain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
some phages can only infect a certain spececies of a certain
bacteria. so for this we test the bacteria against all of the phages that infect
all of the phages that can infect that species. rarely done, and the results are
usually not clear cut. It's been replaced by DNA Typing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
each bacteria has it's own unique fingerprint.
usually used to investigate outbreaks of disease. (replaced Phage typing
and serotying to some extent). Very specific, easy to perform, and the
results are almost always clear cut |
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Term
| PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
|
Definition
isolating the microbial DNA (from a
patient specimen) making multiple copies of the DNA, sequencing the
DNA and that base sequence will tell you what germ it is. Helpful when
organisms are too difficult to grow in a lab, or too dangerous to grow in
a lab. Useful when there is a drug that was previously unknown. Ex. 1976
1st outbreak of Legionarie's disease before PCR and couldn't stain it, and
couldn't grow it on a plate. took them a year to figure out what caused it
(before PCR). in 1993 we had another outbreak of a respiratory infection
no one had seen before. had PCR now and we identified it as Hantavirus
in 2 weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes: Rocky Mtn. spotted fever, Epidemic Typhus, Endemic Typhus |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| causes Brucellosis also know as undulant fever. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pontic Fever- mild respiratory disease, |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Family Enterobacteriacae characteristics |
|
Definition
gram - rods, facultative anaerobes, inhabit intestinal tract of
humans and animals, ferment glucose and other sugars( but not always the
same other sugars), oxidase negative, have either peritrichous (extend
along the side of the bacterial cell) or no flagella. |
|
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Term
| Family Enterobacteriacae bacteria |
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Definition
| E. coli,Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, Yersinia, Enterobacter |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
causes: psittacosis, Trachoma, Nongonococcal urethritis, Lymohogranuloma
venereuma |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| strep throat, flesh eating disease, scarlet fever |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body of a mold consists of long filaments of cells called __ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| filament is separated by cross-walls |
|
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Term
| aseptate hypha (coenocytic) |
|
Definition
| filament is not separated by cross walls |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a mass of hypha is referred to as __ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(single celled fungus)- generally round/oval in shape. many reproduce by
budding. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
when you have a bud on a bud on a bud on a bud on a bud....
other yeast reproduce by fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
important in medicine. they grow as mold in nature or at 22
degrees C (in a lab). However, when they infect a person they grow as yeast in
the body or at 37 degrees C. they cause some of the worse fungal infections in
people. |
|
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Term
| Asexual fungal reproduction |
|
Definition
by fragmentation of the hypha (each piece of the hypha can go on
to grow into a new mold) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Sexual and asexual production of __ (__). different types of fungi
have different types of conidia. |
|
|
Term
conidioconidia
sporangioconidia
Arthroconidia
Chlamydoconidia
Blastoconidia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced in chains at end of hypha |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| produced within a sac at the end of hypha |
|
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Term
|
Definition
every other cell in septate hypha becomes a spore.
they develop a thick cell wall |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hyphal cell differentiates to become a spore |
|
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Term
|
Definition
bud on a yeast (when the yeast reproduce by budding)
fungal infections (mycoses) |
|
|
Term
superficial mycosis
cutaneous mycosis
subcutaneous
systemic mycosis
opportunistic mycosis |
|
Definition
| Blastoconidia can be grouped into 5 major groups of infections |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fungal infection that occurs on the surface of the
skin or on the surface of the hair. occurs primarily in tropical regions of
the world |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. referred
to a ringworms. also includes athletes foot. the fungi that causes it are
dermatophytes. generally transmitted person to person, but can get it
from animals and from sleeping on the ground (camping). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fungal infections that occur beneath the skin. caused by
dimorphic fungi. result from some type of injury with the fungal spores
being implanted beneath the tissue. can occur anywhere but mostly
warm climates. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
caused by dimorophic fungi (inhalation of the
spores) you are most likely to see respiratory infection. can spread to
other parts of the body in patients who has a weakened immune system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
caused by fungi that are normally
nonpathogenic. they can cause infection in those with weaken body
immune systems (bone marrow therapy, organ donors, AIDS...they are on
immnosuppressants). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Asexual reproduction by means of fission, budding, or schizogony (the
nucleus divides several times before the cell actually divides)
some can form cysts (kind of like bacterial spores) a mechanism of survival
under unfavorable conditions (dormant form of the protozoa) they can
survive extreme conditions such as dryness, heat, many disinfectants. allows
the protozoa to be "picked up" rather than having to be transferred from
person to person. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| __ are those that use it as a means of reproduction. |
|
|
Term
mastigophora
ciliata
sarcodina
sporozoa (apicomplexa) |
|
Definition
| 4 phyla based on means of motility |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonmotile-have complex life cycles that
usually involve 2 or more hosts (intermediate host- parasite reproduces
asexually and definitive host- parasite reproduces sexually)
plasmodium- intermediate (humans) definitive (mosquitos) |
|
|
Term
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Nematodes (roundworms) |
|
Definition
| Worms (Helminths) 2 main phyla |
|
|
Term
1) cestodes (tapewoms)
2) trematodes (fluke worms)- |
|
Definition
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 2 major classes |
|
|
Term
intermediate hosts
definitive hosts |
|
Definition
trematodes (fluke worms)- leaf shaped worms
__ __- it lives as a larva
__ __ - it matures into an adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (roundworms) cylindrical in shape with with tapered ends. most reproduces sexually.females are larger than the males. divided into 2 groups based on the stage than infects us. |
|
|
Term
| larva as infective species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ascaris, enterobius (pinworms) |
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