Term
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Definition
array of (normally) nonpathogenic microorganisms that are adapted to living in or on the human body; could be bacteria, fungi, or protozoa; outnumber human cells 10:1; often protect host from pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter host tissues, and multiply |
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Term
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Definition
any agent that causes disease |
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Term
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Definition
pathologic state of tissue(s) |
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Term
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Definition
disease caused by a microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of causing disease in a healthy person |
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Term
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Definition
| cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a microbe to establish itself in the host and to cause damage |
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Term
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Definition
any characteristic that aids in a microbe's ability to enter the host, attach to the host's tissue(s), survive the host's defenses, and cause damage to the host |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown host's tissues; direct virulence factor |
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Term
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Definition
chemical that is poisonous to the host; direct virulence factor; classified according to the tissue that they damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LPS of the outermembrane of gram (-) bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
originating from a source outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
already existing on or in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, placenta, or birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
| process allowing microbes to attach to host cells; requires interactions between the microbe and the host cell that are highly specific; may be mediated by fimbriae, surface proteins, or the glycocalyx |
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Term
methods of exit from
the host |
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Definition
skin: sloughing cells, blood, discharge; GI tract: fecal matter; Respiratory tract: mucus, sputum; Urogenital tract: vaginal discharge, semen |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent that can be transmitted from one person to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that is caused by an agent that is highly communicable |
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Term
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Definition
agent that is not transmitted from host
to host |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent that can be transmitted from animals to humans |
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Term
direct transmission
(horizontal) |
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Definition
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Term
direct transmission
(vertical) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fomites, food, water, biological products, air |
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Term
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Definition
incubation period, prodromal stage, period of invasion (height of infection), and convalescent period |
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Term
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Definition
objective evidence of disease that can be observed by someone other than the
infected party |
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Term
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Definition
subjective evidence of disease that can be sensed by the infected person |
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Term
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Definition
host defense that is non specific; signs: edema or swollen lymph nodes; symptoms: fever, pain, soreness, or swelling |
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Term
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Definition
microbes present and actively dividing in
the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes present in the blood but not actively dividing |
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Term
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Definition
| primary habitat from which a pathogen originates |
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Term
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Definition
the individual or object from which an infection is acquired; may or may not be the reservoir |
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Term
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Definition
soil (most common) or may be water |
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Term
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Definition
a person who shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without showing any symptoms and few signs of disease; living reservior |
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Term
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Definition
passes pathogens mechanically between individuals; living reservoir |
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Term
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Definition
live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another; living reservoir |
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Term
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Definition
plays an important role in the pathogen's life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| merely transports pathogen from one host to another |
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Term
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Definition
the study of disease in populations |
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Term
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Definition
the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population |
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Term
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Definition
the number of new cases over a certain period of time with respect to the entire population |
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Term
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Definition
| number of deaths with respect to the entire population |
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Term
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Definition
disease occurs at a steady frequency over an extended period of time in a particular geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
| only occasional cases of disease are reported and only at irregular intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| prevalence of an endemic or sporadic disease increases |
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Term
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Definition
an epidemic that spreads across continents |
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