Term
| What are the defense mechanisms of the urogenital system? |
|
Definition
| urine flushing and desquamation, antibacterial proteins, normal flora |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal flora of the urogenital tract? |
|
Definition
| sterile from kidneys to bladder, contaminated by skin flora at end of urethra |
|
|
Term
| What type of antibacterial proteins are in the urogenital tract? |
|
Definition
| lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycan) and lactoferrin (binds free iron, inhibits bacterial growth) |
|
|
Term
| What are the defense mechanisms of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| ciliated epithelial cells, mucus membrane, vaginal pH, normal flora |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the normal flora of the reproductive system for females? males? |
|
Definition
| lactobacillus and skin flora; skin flora |
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is infection of the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is infection of the kidneys? what can this lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you diagnose an infection of the urogenital system? |
|
Definition
| urine sample culture on blood and macconkey agar (quantitative - take .01 mL of urine and plate it - times number of colonies on plate by 100 to get number of CFU/mL) |
|
|
Term
| if the urine sample grows on mcconkey and blood agar, what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| it is a gram negative rod |
|
|
Term
| waht are the different kinds of urine specimens? |
|
Definition
| clean catch mid stream, suprapubic aspirate, catherized specimen (directly out of catheter or bladder) |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways you can screen urine specimen for bacteria? |
|
Definition
| dipstick, filter staining |
|
|
Term
| What is leukocyte esterase? |
|
Definition
| enzyme produced by neutrophils (PMN's in urine indicates infection) - determine by dipstick method |
|
|
Term
| What does the dipstick method look for? |
|
Definition
| leukocyte esterase and nitrates |
|
|
Term
| How does a filter stain work? |
|
Definition
| filter urine to catch cells, stain sample, the stronger the color the more cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the main cause of urethritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram negative fermentors that produce nitrate and can cause urethritis |
|
|
Term
| What are coliforms that can cause urethritis? |
|
Definition
| proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, serratia |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of urethritis due to coliforms? |
|
Definition
| painful urination and burning (due to inflammation), cloudy/pink urine due to blood or WBC |
|
|
Term
| What can urethritis lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of urethritis due to coliforms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnosis for urethritis due to e coli? |
|
Definition
| urine culture (lactose fermentor - magenta on MacConkey) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of urethritis due to enterococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose urethritis due to enterococci? |
|
Definition
| culture on blood, non-hemolytic, catalase negative (strep), lancefeild group d, do NOT produce nitrate, NO growth on MacConkey plate because it is gram positive |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of cystitis? |
|
Definition
| e coli (also coagulase negative staph) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cystitis in females? |
|
Definition
| dysuria (painful urgent urination) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of pyelonephtitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cystitis? |
|
Definition
| back pain, fever (left untreted, scar tissue can impare function of kidney) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose cystitis? |
|
Definition
| supra-pubic aspirate (draw urine right out of bladder so it doesnt get contaminated with organisms of the urinary tract) - should be strile |
|
|
Term
| What is leptospirosis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of leptospira interrogans? |
|
Definition
| spirochete, obligate aerobe |
|
|
Term
| How is leptospirosis spread? |
|
Definition
| comes from animals (zoonotic) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
| phase one: headache, muscle ache, fever, chills; phase 2: weil's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney gets seriously infected and causes damage - then it enters blood (septic_ and then CSF and can cause meningitis |
|
|
Term
| How do you get leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
| contaminated urine in soil/water enters through wound |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
| isolate pathogen from blood r CSF |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of gonorrheal urethritis? |
|
Definition
| neisseria gonorrhoeae (it is an STD) |
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain of neisseria gonorrhoeae? what type of coccus is it? |
|
Definition
| gram negative diplococci in pairs (DIAGNOSITIC); pyogenic coccus (pus producting) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| purulent discharge; female: many have no symptoms but most have abnormal bleeding and pain; males: painful urination discharge |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection of pelvic organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gonorrea attaches to sperm cells and travels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection of the fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
| What can gonococcal sepsis lead to? |
|
Definition
| arthritis, endocarditis, and meningitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of neisseria gonorrheae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnoseneisseria gonorrhoea? |
|
Definition
| gram negative diplococci, culture |
|
|
Term
| What are the non gonorrheae STD? |
|
Definition
| Chalmydia trachomatis, syohalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the infectious form of chlamydia trachomatis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reticulate body of chlamydia trachomatis? |
|
Definition
| noninfectious, but metabolically active |
|
|
Term
| where does chalmydia trachomatis replicate? |
|
Definition
| in cytoplasm of host cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commong cause of urethritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can chalmydia trachomatis lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scarring blocks eggs passage, can lead to etopic pregnancy becasue eggs get stuck in the fallopian tube |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of chalmydia trachomatis? |
|
Definition
| clear edudate, less pain and irritation than gonorrheae, lacks neutrophil influx |
|
|
Term
| What does chalmydia trachomatis cause an increased risk for? why? |
|
Definition
| AIDS, because the recruitment of CD4 lymphs which is what HIV invades |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose chalmydia trachomatis? |
|
Definition
| direct FA, direct ELISA, PCR |
|
|
Term
| If you are diagnosed with chalmydia trachomatis, what else should you get tested for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of syphilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain of treponema pallidum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria is called the teflon pathogen? why? |
|
Definition
| treponema pallidum; it illicits little immune response so it takes you a while to figure out you have it |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of promary syphlis? |
|
Definition
| chancre (may be in cervix for female), fluid from sore is infectious |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of secondary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| infectious skin rash, hair losee, malaise, mild fever |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of tertiary syphilis? What causes them? |
|
Definition
| gumma lesions in organs ad on skin, ulcerate and cause tissue damage; due to immune response |
|
|
Term
| What does quarternary syphilis lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is confenital syphilis? |
|
Definition
| placental transfer od syphilis |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose syphilis? |
|
Definition
| it cant be cultured, so non-triponemal screening test, antitreponemal confirmatory test |
|
|
Term
| Which stage of syphilis can you start to see positive blood results? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic of child born of mother with syphilis |
|
|
Term
| WHat is a rapid plasma reagin test used for? what other test can be used for this? |
|
Definition
| testing for presence of reagin in blood to determine if patient has syphilis; venereal disease research lab test (antigen-latex test) |
|
|
Term
| When do you see antibodies for syphilis in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you see antibodies for syphilis in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of using FTA-abs test/dark feild microscopy? |
|
Definition
| to confirm the syphilis in the patient by observing the spirochete |
|
|
Term
| What is soft chancre caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh gram stain of haemophilus ducreyi? |
|
Definition
| small gram negative rod (facultative anaerobe) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of soft chancre? |
|
Definition
| get papules that become pustules, ulcerate into lesions and then larger lesions, develop lymphadenitis (boboes) |
|
|
Term
| What do chancres facilitate when it is endemic? |
|
Definition
| HIV transmission (because it is an open wound) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose chancres? |
|
Definition
| culture on special media, or PRC for certain strains |
|
|
Term
| What does haemophilus ducreyi require and what does it not? how does this help us diagnose it? |
|
Definition
| requires hemin but not NAD, so it will grow around the hemin (X) but not the NAD (V) |
|
|
Term
| What is teh cause of BActerial Vaginosis? |
|
Definition
| gardnerella vaginalis (NOT an STD) |
|
|
Term
| What is teh gram stain of gardnerella vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| small pleomorphic gram negative bacilli |
|
|
Term
| WHat causes an infection of gardnerella vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| shifts in normal flora pH so it infects |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Bacterial Vaginosis? |
|
Definition
| clue cells (regular cells that have a ton of gardinella on them), beta hemolytic on V agar |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat BActerial Vaginosi? |
|
Definition
| lower pH (beacause they like a high pH, which kills of lactobacillus) |
|
|
Term
| What is teh cause of genital herpes? |
|
Definition
| herpes simplex virus 2 (or 1) |
|
|
Term
| WHat are teh symptoms of genital herpes? |
|
Definition
| lesions (not in primary outbreak) that causes buring |
|
|
Term
| Where does teh HSV-2 store when it is latent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose genital herpes? |
|
Definition
| seeing lesions, serology, PCR, Western blot, virus culture |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of genital warts? |
|
Definition
| human papillomavirus (HPV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common viral STD in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the symptoms of genital warts? |
|
Definition
| hyperplasia, can lead to cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have the ability to transform a cell into a cancer cell (HPV) |
|
|
Term
| Which HPV serotypes are high risk for cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose gential warts? |
|
Definition
| pap smear, serological typing, look for nucleic acid of cancer causing HPV |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of AIDS? |
|
Definition
| Human immunodeficiency virus |
|
|
Term
| What type of virus is HIV? |
|
Definition
| retrovirus - needs reverse transcritpase o change it into DNA and then protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a primary infection of HIV? |
|
Definition
| flu or mono-like symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary infection of HIV called? what happens? |
|
Definition
| Acute retroviral syndrome; viral infectino of T lymphocytes (specifically cd4 helper cells and macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary infection of HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes secondary infection of HIV virus? |
|
Definition
| thevirus lays latent and kills so many important cells that your immune system doesnt function correctly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immune systems ability to control infections or malgnant disorders are destroyed (due to production of HIV proteis, elimination of host cells, and destruction of immune system) |
|
|
Term
| What are the AIDS related complexes? |
|
Definition
| kaposi's sarcoma (skin cancer), candidiasis, mycobacteria, pneumocystis, herpes, zoster, toxoplasma, histoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
| How do you screen for HIV? |
|
Definition
| indirect ELISA (looking for antibodies to HIV in patients serum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| western blot (tests for antibodies against EVERY antigen on the outside of an HIV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of 3 drugs to slow the infection so that the latent stage will last the lifetime |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of candidiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat often comes secondary to antiiotic use? |
|
Definition
| candiditis (becasue antibiotics kill your normal flora but not the fungus, give the fungus a place to cause infection) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of candiditis? |
|
Definition
| thick, yellow, cheesy discharge |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose candiditis? |
|
Definition
| germ tube test: determines if it is caused by candida albicans (positive test the head and tail are connectted) |
|
|
Term
| What is trichomoniasis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| anaerobic flagellated protozoan |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| irritation and itching (dysuria - abnormal urination), profuse green/yellow discharge (frothy urine that smell like fish) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| do a microscopic (because they think that its a UTI due to dysuria) - but then you see things moving around |
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