Term
| What is the structure of the tooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gingical crevice? |
|
Definition
| spot where the tooth and gum meet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized connective tissue that protects the roots of the tooth |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal flora of the periodontal pocket? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are caries caused by? |
|
Definition
| streptococcus mutans (forms plaque) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dextran capsule produced, pellicle formation (film of protein from saliva that bacteria attach to), colonization (biofilm production) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strep ferment sucrose, lactic acid production, acid destroys enamel |
|
|
Term
| What are the natural form of prevention against cavities? |
|
Definition
| saliva (lysozyme), crevicular fluid, flushing phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
| inflammation and degeneration of structures that support the teeth (gums and bones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobes down in the cracks between teeth and gums |
|
|
Term
| What is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| tissue damage due to inflammatory response of your body against your teeth |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| debridement, oxidizing agents, metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal flora of the stomach and small intestine? |
|
Definition
| essential NO normal flora (because of high acid and rapid food movement) |
|
|
Term
| Which part of your digestive system has a ton of normal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with identification of stool pathogens? |
|
Definition
| have to look past all of the normal flora to isolate pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common isolates from stool normal flora ? |
|
Definition
| coliforms (gram negative rods, lactose fermentor), and E. COli (gram positive cocci) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between nonlactose fermentors and lactose fermentors on agar? |
|
Definition
| non stays the same color, lactose turns a different color |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of selective and differential media? |
|
Definition
| to inhibit normal flora and allow differentiation btween normal and non normal flora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent watery or loose stool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory disorder of the long intesitine, diarrhea + mucus + blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the major concern of dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of stomach and intestinal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, abdomnial pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation involving mucosa of large and small intestines |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bacterial infections of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| food intoxication and food infection |
|
|
Term
| What is food intoxication? |
|
Definition
| symptoms caused by toxin (quick onset)- bacteria dont have to be present |
|
|
Term
| WHat is a food infection? |
|
Definition
| symptoms caused by an organism |
|
|
Term
| What causes staphtococcal food poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of staphtococcal food poisoning? |
|
Definition
| nausea and vomiting (emetic toxin), diarrhea, chills |
|
|
Term
| How is staphtococcal food poisoning spread? |
|
Definition
| bacteria on food handler spreads to food |
|
|
Term
| What is so dangerous about the staphtococcal food poisoning toxin? |
|
Definition
| it's heat stable (resists heat) |
|
|
Term
| What foods are at risk for staphtococcal food poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is the virulence of staphtococcal food poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose staphtococcal food poisoning? |
|
Definition
| hard to get a diagnosis, stool culture (salt tolerant, mannitol fermentor, catalase +, coagulase +)agglintination test to detect staph enterotoxin |
|
|
Term
| What is B. Cereus food poisoning caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gram stain is bacillus cereus? |
|
Definition
| gram positive spore former |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different kinds of bacillus cereus? |
|
Definition
| one causes diarrhea, the other nausea and vomiting (two different toxins) |
|
|
Term
| What food is bacillus cereus associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose bacillus cereus? |
|
Definition
| cilture bacteria from food |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain of clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
| anaerobic gram positive spore former |
|
|
Term
| what is pseudomembranous coltis? |
|
Definition
| in clostridium difficile, a pseudomembrane forms across the colon and blocks it off |
|
|
Term
| WHat type of infection is clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
| nosocomial bacterial infection of the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
| toxin A (causes diarrhea), toxin B (cell destruction), stops bowel movement |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| EIA (latex test) for Toxins, culture |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of perfringens food poisening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh gram stain of clostridium perferingens? |
|
Definition
| gram positive rod, spore former |
|
|
Term
| What is associated with sporulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is so dangerous about clostridium perferingens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is clostridium perferingens spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose clostridium perferingens? |
|
Definition
| culture bacteria, ELISA for toxin |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of clostridium perferingens? |
|
Definition
| toxin (released with spore) |
|
|
Term
| What is cholera caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gram stain is vibria cholerae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cholera? |
|
Definition
| massive diarrhea and vomitting, dehydration (death) |
|
|
Term
| How is cholera contracted? |
|
Definition
| seafood gets colonized (sushi) |
|
|
Term
| How is cholera contracted? |
|
Definition
| seafood gets colonized (sushi) |
|
|
Term
| what is teh virulence of vibrio cholerae? |
|
Definition
| cholera toxin (enterotoxin) - changes cells into water secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria causes "rice water stool"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is epidemic (bacillary) dystentary caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gram stain is shigella dysteneriae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are tehshigella dysteneriae located in the body when they infect? |
|
Definition
| replicate on the Si and act in the LI |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of shigella dysteneriae? |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, swelling |
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is shigella dysteneriae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the virulence of shigella dysteneriae? |
|
Definition
| shig toxin (inhibits protein synthesis which kills the cells) |
|
|
Term
| What does the B subunit of the shiga toxin do? |
|
Definition
| binds to the host cell glycolipids |
|
|
Term
| What does the A subunit of the shiga toxin do? |
|
Definition
| inactivate the 60s ribosomal subunit so that the cell cant produce proteins |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is endemic dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes endemic dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does shigella sonnei/flexneri gram stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are teh symptoms of endemic dysentery? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea (doesnt invade blood) |
|
|
Term
| How does shigella sonnei spread? |
|
Definition
| invades M cells in the colon and then rocket to other epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the inoculum of shigella sonnei/flexneri? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is endemic dysentery spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of shigella sonnei/flexneri? |
|
Definition
| intracellular life (replicate inside M cells and then spread to other epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose endemic dysentery? |
|
Definition
| culture stool, serotype, test for O antigen (in cell wall), antibiogram |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is antibiotic resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes typhoid fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh gram stain of salmonella typhi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we identify salmonella typhi? |
|
Definition
| by cell wall antigens (O) and flagellar antigens (H) reaction with specific antibodies |
|
|
Term
| How is salmonella typhi spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of typhoid fever in the 1st week? 2nd week? |
|
Definition
| septecemia and fever; diarrhea, high fever, confusion, delerium, rash (rose spots) |
|
|
Term
| In typhoid fever, what is the reason most people die |
|
Definition
| perferated intestine (organism eats through intestine walls) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macupapular rash of typhoid fever (diagnostic) |
|
|
Term
| What is teh infection path of salmonella typhi? |
|
Definition
| infect m cells, pass into macrophages, invade the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What do you see septecemia in the first stage of typhoid fever? |
|
Definition
| becasue it infects by invading the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| How is salmonella typhi spread? |
|
Definition
| water, carriers, and food contamination (HIGH inoculum) |
|
|
Term
| WHat is teh carrier state of salmonella typhi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the virulence for salmonella typhi? |
|
Definition
| Vi antigen capsule, intracellular life (protects from immune system) |
|
|
Term
| What is Salmonella food poisening called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes salomonellosis? |
|
Definition
| salmonella enterica serotype |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever |
|
|
Term
| Which is more invasive, salmonella typhe or salmonella enterica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh virulence of salmonella enterica? |
|
Definition
| intracelular life, attachment and entry (parasite mediated endocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common organism found in the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common organism found in the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does enteropathogenic E. Coli cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does enteropathogenic E. Coli attack? |
|
Definition
| no toxins - have an adhesion that destroy intestinal microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What does enteroinvasive e coli cause? |
|
Definition
| travelers diarrhea (food born in areas of poor hygeine) |
|
|
Term
| How does enteroinvasive infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of enteroinvasive e coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is enterhemorrhagic e coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "type" for enterohemorrhagic e coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the strain of E.Coli that causes a shigella-like disease by producing shiga toxin e coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does type III secretion system allow? What does it lead to? |
|
Definition
| entry of the E.Coli toxin, attachment of intimin; hemolytic uremic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What does enterohemorrhagic e coli detroy? |
|
Definition
| gut epithelium with intimin |
|
|
Term
| What is a complication of enterohemorrhagic e col? |
|
Definition
| hemolytic urenmic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of hemolytic urenmic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| inflammatin of colon, bleeding, hemorrhagic colitis (losing a lot of blood),can lead to loss of kidney function |
|
|
Term
| What strain of E.Coli is similar to cholera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the virulence of enterotoxigenic e coli? |
|
Definition
| non invasive cholera toxin |
|
|
Term
| How is enterotoxigenic e coli transmitted? |
|
Definition
| travelers disease, sewage contaminated water |
|
|
Term
| What organisms acquired virulence genes from other bacteria? |
|
Definition
| e. coli (otherwise just normal flora) |
|
|
Term
| What are the pathogenic strains of E. Coli? |
|
Definition
| enteropathic (food infection), enteroinvasive (food infection), enterohemorrhagic (food intoxication), enterotoxigenic (food intoxication) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of campylobacter gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does campylobacter jejuni gram stain? |
|
Definition
| gram negative curved rods |
|
|
Term
| What is useful for trying to isolate campylobacter jejuni from stool culture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of campylobacter gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, diarrhea or dysentery, fever (inflammatory bowel disease) |
|
|
Term
| What is a complication of campylobacter gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is guillain-barre syndrome? |
|
Definition
| temporary paralysis because antibodies that you body build up against campylovacter cross react with the myelin sheath of nerve cells (autoimmune attack) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commong cause of bacteria diarrhea in the US? |
|
Definition
| campylobacter gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
| How is campylobacter gastroenteritis spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose campylobacter gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| CAMPY blood agar (increased CO2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of yersinia gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does yersinia enterocolitica stain? |
|
Definition
| gram negative intracellular rod |
|
|
Term
| At what temperature does yersinia enterocolitica grow? What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| 4 degrees C; if you refridgerate you increase the amount |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of yersinia gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, fever, headache, abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| What is often misdiagnosed as appendicitis? why? |
|
Definition
| yersinia gastroenteroitis; pain is so severe |
|
|
Term
| Where is yersinia enterocolitica found? |
|
Definition
| domesticated animals, milk, meat |
|
|
Term
| What causes a gastric ulcer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does helicobacteri pylori stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism has the urease enzyme? what is this? |
|
Definition
| helicobacteri pylori; takes urea and turns it into ammonia |
|
|
Term
| How does helicobacteri pylori infect? |
|
Definition
| it attaches to stomach lining, endotoxin and other toxic factors induce inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic inflammatory disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutralizes acid to allow helicobacteri pylori to live and survive in low pH of stomach |
|
|
Term
| Which blood type is more susceptible to ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose a gastric ulcer? |
|
Definition
| endoscopy (camera down throat), stomach biopsy, breath test (look for radioactive CO2) |
|
|
Term
| What are the food intoxications? |
|
Definition
| staph aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, vibrio cholerae, shigella dysenteriae, enterohemorrhagic e coli O157:H7, enterotoxigenic e coli |
|
|
Term
| What is infected in mumps? |
|
Definition
| parotid glands, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of mumps? |
|
Definition
| difficulty swallowing, pain |
|
|
Term
| What is a consequence of mumps? |
|
Definition
| orchitis (swollen testes in males past puberty) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the viral infections of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| mumps, rotavirus, norovirus, hepatitis, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is rotavirus most common in? |
|
Definition
| kids (most common cause of vomitting and diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of rotavirus? |
|
Definition
| low grade fever, diarrhea, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose rotavirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of norovirus? |
|
Definition
| nausea, cramps, diarrhea, vomiting - in adults |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of adult gastroenteritis in the US? kid gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inoculum for norovirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is norovirus transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A? |
|
Definition
| malaise, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, chills |
|
|
Term
| What does Hepatitis A eventually lead to? |
|
Definition
| liver infection - jaundice (hemoglobin builds up in skin because the liver cant break it down) |
|
|
Term
| How is hepatitis A transmitted? |
|
Definition
| ingestion (eating contaminated food), fomites, carriers |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose hep A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three viron particles of Hep B? |
|
Definition
| Dane particle, spherical particles, filamentous particles |
|
|
Term
| Which particle is the most important in Hep B? why? |
|
Definition
| dane particle; its the one that can infect |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of hep b? |
|
Definition
| love grade fever, joint pains, loss of appetite, jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Which hepatitis most often occurs in adults? why? |
|
Definition
| B; its blood born transmission |
|
|
Term
| If the hep B surface antigen is in the blood for more than 60 days, what can result? |
|
Definition
| fatal liver disease (liver cirrhosis), increased chance of liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| where does hep B replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look for virus particles in the blood with serum sample |
|
|
Term
| What is an indirect ELISA? |
|
Definition
| look for antibodies against bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose hep b? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus is capable of rapid genetic variation of outer antigens? What is the purpose of this? |
|
Definition
| hep C; evades immune system (since it's always changing it's hard for you to make antibodies against it) |
|
|
Term
| What is a major reason for liver transplantation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfusion, shared needles |
|
|
Term
| What is important about hep d? |
|
Definition
| it needs to have hep b to coinfect in order to cause an infection (gets packages in hep B surface antigen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection of giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| parasitic infection of the digestive tract (protozoa) |
|
|
Term
| Which organism stares back at you in a fecal smear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea lasting weeks, malaise, weight loss, abdominal cramps, flatulence |
|
|
Term
| How is giardiasis spread? |
|
Definition
| contaminated drinking water (fecal oral spread - person to person) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| ova parasite exam, direct ELISA |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is cryptospotidosis? |
|
Definition
| protozoan (parasitic infectino of digestive tract) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of cryptosporidosis? |
|
Definition
| cryptosporidium parvum and hominis |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cryptosporidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is cryptosporidosis such a big problem in AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
| if the CD4 cell count is too low, your immune sysmtem wont be able to overcome the disease |
|
|
Term
| Which water transmitted disease is dangerous for AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cysts in contaminated water are a problem why? |
|
Definition
| they are chlorine resistant (and sometimes filtration resistant if they are too small) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose cryptosporidosis? |
|
Definition
| direct ELISA, fluorescent antibody |
|
|
Term
| What is ameobic dysentery caused by? |
|
Definition
| Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba) |
|
|
Term
| What causes the dysentary in aomebic dysentary? |
|
Definition
| trophs feed on intestinal walls causing blood and mucus in stool |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose aomebic dysentary? |
|
Definition
| cysts seen in stools, latex agglutination test on stool |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat aomebic dysentary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of helminth infections? |
|
Definition
| tapeworm, trichinosis, hookworm, ascariasis, whipworm |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of tapeworm? |
|
Definition
| taenia solium, taenia saginata, diphyllobothrium latum |
|
|
Term
| How do you get tapeworms? |
|
Definition
| consumption of undercooked fish, beef, or pork (wnt to get into muscle, but sometimes get into eye or brain) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose tapeworms? |
|
Definition
| eggs or segments in stool (need to get the head out) |
|
|
Term
| What is trichinosis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat trichinosis? |
|
Definition
| freeze the worms (mebendazone) and heat the cysts |
|
|
Term
| How is trichinosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| eating pork or flesh of garbage eating animal |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of hookworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of parasite is a hookworm? |
|
Definition
| intestinal (feeds on blood not fecal matter) |
|
|
Term
| what does a hookworm cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of ascariasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get ascariasis? |
|
Definition
| ingestion of eggs from soil |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for whipworm> what is it caused by? |
|
Definition
| trichuiasis; trichuris trichuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human waste only (no animals) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of whipworm? |
|
Definition
| chronic diarrhea, rectal prolapse |
|
|
