Term
| Bacterial Growth and Growth Requirements |
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Definition
- Reproduce asexually by binary fission
- Time required for population to double – Generation time
- Average G.T. for bacteria is 20 to 30 minutes
- Doubling of population = logarithmic or geometric growth |
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Term
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Definition
1. Lag period of growth = 30 minutes (no increase)
2. Log period 12-24 hours
3. Stationary period 24-28 hours
4. Death or decline period of growth 48-96 hours
If spreads elsewhere graph starts over again
Acute infection – short generation time
Chronic infection – long generation time |
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Term
| Some important bacterial growth requirements: |
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Definition
- temperature
- oxygen
-pH
- Nutritional requirements
-Enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
a. Enzymes are very temperature sensitive
i. Psychrophiles – cold loving – 5 degrees celcius – 20 , optimum 10-15 celcius
ii. Mesophiles - Moderate temperature loving bacteria 20 – 45 celcius optimum 37 celcius
• Refridgerate or freeze – cook food
iii. Thermophiles – heat lovers 35- 90 celcius optimum 55 |
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Term
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Definition
a. Obligate anaerobes – need O2
b. Obligate anaerobes – can’t have O2
c. Facultative – live without or with O2 |
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Term
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Definition
a. pH of human blood = 7.35 – 7.45 (slightly basic)
b. pH of human skin = 5-6
c. bacteria prefer 6.8 – 7.2 |
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Term
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Definition
- light - phototroph
- chemical - chemotroph
- carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , potassium , phosphorus , sulfur etc.
- minerals
- vitamins
- water |
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Term
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Definition
1. If it can get energy from simple chemicals (hydrocarbons) = chemoautotroph
2. If it needs more complex energy sources (sugar, fats, proteins) = chemoheterotrophs
3. If it needs very complex energy sources (whole blood, tissue) = fastidious chemo heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
4. If it needs only living matter for energy = obligate parasite
5. Need only non living matter = obligate saprophyte
6. Can live on living or non living matter – facultative parasite (prefers non living) or facultative saprophyte (prefers living) (opposite of second word)
a. Most bacteria are facultative saprophyte |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a. Catalyze chemical reactions (speed up)
b. Substrate (breakdown enzyme) products (build up enzymes) cells parts
Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism
c. Substrate + enzyme enzyme substrate complex enzyme + products |
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Term
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Definition
d. Enzymes are unchanged in a chemical reaction
e. Enzymes can be used over and over
i. Overtime they will wear out
f. Made of proteins coded for by cell’s DNA
g. Usually end – “ase” |
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Term
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Definition
h. Exoenzymes – work outside cell
i. Catabolic or anabolic
i. Constituative enzymes – always present
j. Adaptive enzymes – made as needed
k. Enzymes are specific |
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Term
| Energy production in bacteria |
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Definition
- Energy – the ability to do work
- Phosphate = PO4 – P with 4 single bound O on each side
- ATP = ADP + P + energy
- Energy production = to produce energy and store it in bonds of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Potential energy – stored in ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate – or high energy transfer compound
In bacteria most ATP +HETC are found on cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two methods of energy production |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Respiration – method of energy production using O2 (oxygen from air)
a. Involves glycolysis, krebs cycles , e- transport system (ETS) |
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Term
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Definition
2) Fermentation – method of energy production without O2
a. Involves glycolysis only (no kerbs cycle , no ETS) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a chemical loses hydrogens + or e- |
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Term
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Definition
when a chemical gains hydrogens + or e-
o When oxidation and reduction occur energy is produced |
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Term
| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
- Hydrogens and e- enter ETS for every 2 H and 2 e- that enter 2 ATP (+H2O) are produced. Final H2 + e-2 receptor is O2
- Takes place in bacterial cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
- Glucose goes into glycolosis
- Two molecules of pyruvic acids are produced at the end
- Net of 8 ATP are produced in respiration
- Net of 2 ATP are produced in fermentation – there is no electron transport system in fermentation (there is no oxygen in fermentation) so we lose out of 6 ATP from the electric transport system |
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Term
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Definition
- Two pyruvic acids go into the Kerb cycle
- 30 ATP come from the kreb cycle – 38 total kerb+glycolosis
- CO2 is the waste product
- Takes place on the cell membrane
- The main function is to produce hydrogen and electrons |
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Term
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Definition
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
o Hereditary (genetic info) of all living cells
- Polynucleptode – made up of many nucleotides
- DNA nucleotides consist of :
o 1 molecule of a nitrogenous base
4 possible bases :
• Purines – adenine and guanine
• Pyrimidines – cytosine and thymine
o 1 molecule of sugar = deoxyribose
o 1 phosphate group (PO4)
Sequence of bases = code for protein productions (unique)
2 strands of DNA are joined by bases:
• A+ T , C+G
• Each strand totally different codes
• Hydrogen bonds (weak +open easily)
• Form double helix to prevent separating + strength |
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Term
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Definition
RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
- Protein synthesis
- Poly nucleotide
- Consists of :
o Nitrogenous base:
Adenine , Guanine , Cytosine and Uracil
o Sugar – ribose
o Phosphate |
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Term
| Three Differences from RNA to DNA |
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Definition
o Uracil instead of Thymine
o Ribose instead of Deoxyribose
o Single stand instead of double strand
- Three types of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
o mRNA (messenger)
o tRNA (transfer)
o rRNA (ribosomal) |
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Term
| DNA replication in a bacteria |
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Definition
- During binary fission
o Copies DNA and splits in 2
o DNA is the genetic code for protein synthesis in all living cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid – DNA is in the form of 1 circular chromosomes
DNA is a polynucleotide - building block polynucleotide |
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Term
| DNA replication in a bacteria (1-4) |
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Definition
1) Circular DNA is cut by a specific enzyme and the DNA is made linear
2) 2 cut ends of the DNA attach to 2 sites on the membrane
3) As the DNA unwinds hydrogen bonds between bases break and the bases in each strand are exposed
4) New DNA nucleotides attach to the old bases |
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Term
| DNA replication in a bacteria (5-8) |
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Definition
5) New phosphate –sugar backbone forms
6) 2 new double strands of DNA rewind
7) 2 new DNA molecules separate from the membrane
8) Reform into circles
15 – 20 minutes to occur |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis in Bacteria |
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Definition
1) transcription
2) translation |
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Term
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Definition
a. copy (mRNA) of the DNA (gene) bases coding for 1 protein is made
b. copy then attaches to ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
- Every prokaryotic cell gene begins : TAC and ends ACT
- 20 naturally existing amino acids therefore need a code for each = 20 codes
- Every 2 mRNA bases codes for 1 amino acid = every 3 called a codon
a. T-RNA attaches to an amino acid and transports the amino acid to the ribosome
b. Amino acids are then joined together to form a protein as determined by mRNA
- Every three m-RNA bases codes for 1 amino acid = codon
- AUG is the start codon
- UGA , UAA , UAG – nonsense codon – stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
- Every three m-RNA bases codes for 1 amino acid = codon
- AUG is the start codon
- UGA , UAA , UAG – nonsense codon – stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
o amino acid attachment sight – at top
o anticodon – at bottom, pairs with codon on mRNSA
o left side binds to changing enzyme that pulls to amino acid
o right side binds to 50s ribosomal subunit
o for every codon there is an anticodon
o only enough room for 2 tRNAs in ribosome
1st protein then placed on top of 2nd forming protein
Continue process until there is a stop codon, protein is complete and released to where it needs to go
To make multiple of a protein , new ribosomes attach to mRNA
When enough proteins are made mRNA stops ribosomes from copying,
• Ribosomes send nucleotides back to nucleus to be reused In copying other genes |
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Term
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Definition
- Change in the order of the DNA bases
- Change the mRNA bases
- Change the codon
- Possibly change the amino acid
- Possibly change the protein
o Spontaneous mutations – 1/10 (to the 6th) cells
o Induced mutations – 1/10 (to the 3rd) cells |
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Term
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Definition
1) Substitutions – substitute 1 base in the DNA with another base
2) Deletion – removes a base in DNA but do not replace it
3) Addition – add a base in DNA without removing one |
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Term
| Genetic Recombination in bacteria |
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Definition
- Exchange of DNA between 2 or more bacteria 3 methods
o Transformation – “naked DNA” passes from one bacteria to another
o Transduction – phage carries DNA from one bacteria to another
o Conjugation – DNA crosses F pili from one bacteria to another |
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Term
| Example of transformation |
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Definition
Streptococcus pneumonia
- The leading cause of human pneumonia
- 2 strains of S. pneumonia
o Smooth strain – always makes a capsule
o Rough strain – never makes a capsule
- U tube experiment - smooth died but shot out DNA , transferred to rough strain, got gene for capsule and became smooth |
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Term
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Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes
- Causes pharyngitis (strep throat)
- 2 strains
o Toxogenic strain – produces exotoxin called erythrogenic toxin – destroys red blood cells – scarlet fever
o Non toxogenic strain - cannot produce erythrogenic toxin
- Virus can break out of toxigenic strain, carries gene for toxin to non-toxigenic strain |
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Term
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Definition
1) F+ - DNA crosses F pili – passes F pili gene
2) HFr – transfers piece of DNA
3) R Factor – Plasmid contains gene for f pili as well as antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
1) non specific defense
2) specific defenses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) skin
2) mucous membranes
3)hair
4)bone |
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Term
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Definition
i. Skin – physical barrier and chemical barrier (acid pH)
1. Very few infection can penetrate intact skin
2. Exceptions:
i. Staph. auneus
ii. Dermatophyte molds – ringworm
iii. Tulanemia (rabbit fever) |
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Term
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Definition
ii. Mucous membranes – line body openings
1. Mucous flushes out organisms
a. Cilia |
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Term
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Definition
1. head
a. Infections to the head are caught by hair and never make it to the scalp/brain
2. Eyelashes, eyebrows, nasal hairs, facial hair , pubic hair etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Skull , ribs, pelvic bones |
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Term
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Definition
1) immune system
2) reflexes and secretions
3) non-specific body chemicals
4) normal resident bacteria
5)inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
i. Eyes
1. Tears
a. Flush eyes and contain an antibacterial protein called lysozyme
ii. Nose
1. Mucous secretions
a. Sneeze
iii. Mouth saliva
iv. Throat coughing
v. Stomach vomiting
vi. Intestines diarrhea
vii. Urine flow
viii. Menstruation |
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Term
| Non-specific body chemicals |
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Definition
1) lysozyme
2) betalysine
3)complement
4)interferon
5)spermine
6) leucins
7)acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Anti bacterial protein found in tears, saliva, spinal fluid, inside phagocytic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Anti bacterial protein in blood (serum |
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Term
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Definition
a. Complex serum protein consisting of at least 11 sub units
b. Helps remove bacteria with capsules and plays a number of roles in inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Anti viral protein – blocks viral take over and replication in body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Anti bacterial protein found in semen |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Proteins found inside phagocytic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Stomach , skin, vagina |
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Term
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Definition
i. Found on skin, in upper respiratory tract , lower digestive tract , lower genitor-urinary tract
ii. Help keep out the pathogens. Do it in three ways
1. First they starve the pathogens
2. Produce wastes which are harmful to the pathogens
3. They cover target cells needed by the pathogens |
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Term
| inflammation: 3 main functions |
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Definition
1. Localize any harmful agent
a. Stop from spreading further into the body
2. Destroy any harmful agent
3. Remove the harmful agent from the body
Inflammation involves phagocytosis and phagocytic cells |
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Term
| 2 main types of phagocytic cells |
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Definition
1) blood phagocytes
2) Tissue phagocyte |
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Term
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Definition
i. White blood cells , WBCs, leukocytes
ii. Produced mostly in bone marrow but some are produced in lymph tissue. They are then released into the blood where they circulate
iii. Healthy person has between 5000-9000 WBC in every cubic mm
iv. Increase in number of WBC leukocytosis - up to 50,000 – above 50,000 usually leukemia
v. Decrease in number of WBC leukoctopenia – less than 1000 |
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Term
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Definition
1) granulocytes
2) agranulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1)neutrophils
2)basophils
3)eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
i. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (polymorphs, PMNs, Neutrophils)
1. Most common WBCs 60-70%
2. Very strong phagocytes
3. Very short lifespan – cannot multiple |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1% of all WBCs
2. Very poor phagocytes
3. Short life span
4. When basophils leave the blood and enter tissue they can become another type of cells called a mast cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1 – 3 % of all WBCs
2. Poor phagocytes
3. Short lifespan
4. Function is to suppress inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
1) monocytes
2) lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
i. Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes)
1. 3-8% of all WBCs
2. Very strong phagocytes
3. Long lifespan – can multiply |
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Term
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Definition
1. 20-25 % of all WBCs
2. Strong phagocytes
3. Long life spans – can multiply
4. Main function – to regulate the body’s immune system
5. 2 main types
a. B-lymphocytes
b. T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
macrophages:
- wandering macrophages
- fixed macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
Move through tissue
very strong phagocytes
long life span |
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Term
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Definition
remain in one place
produced and remain in lymph nodes
part of reticuloendothelial cell of lymph nodes (RE cells) |
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Term
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Definition
- infection on or in the body in the tissue
o some cell and tissue damage (death of cells – necrosis)
chemicals released by our own injured, damaged cells and tissue – histamine, serotonins , prostolandins
histamine attaches to lining of blood wessel, attracts WBCs
• is the bodys primary vasodilator
• chemoattractant |
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Term
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Definition
1) neutrophil
2)basophil
3) lymphocytes
4) monocytes
5) eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
1. Neutrophil – bump into bacteria and then the membrane of the white blood cell will take the bacteria into its membrane and into its cytoplasm
a. sac containing the infectious microorganism called a phagosome
b. Concentrated sac of enzymes called a lysozome in the white blood cell
c. Phagosome and lysozome will bump into each other and they become a phagolysozome
d. Lysozome breaks open and destroys the phagosome |
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Term
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Definition
| comes over next mast cells release more histamine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| four symptoms of inflammation |
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Definition
1. Heat (calor)
2. Redness (rubor)
3. Swelling (Tumor)
4. Pain (dolor) |
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Term
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Definition
Dead stuff collects:
- Dead cell and tissue
- Dead bacteria
- Dead WBCs
- Dead RBCs
- Dead things = exudates
We can get chronic exudate - if you cant remove the puss it becomes damaging to the body
Abscess – puss collecting and we cant get rid of it |
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Term
| Infections which resist phagocytosis and inflammation |
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Definition
- Pneumonia (capsule)
- Ghonnerea (pili)
- TB – lives inside phagocytes. Resists destruction by enzymes |
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