-produce oxygen

-involved in decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms

-decomposing industrial wastes

-involved in elemental cycles

-important links in food chains

-live in intestinal tracts ofanimals where they aid in the digestion of food, and produce substances that are valuable to host animal

-are essential in various food and beverage industries

-used to produce certain enzymes and chemicals

-as a source of antibiotics

-essential in field of genetic engineering

-used as "cell models"

-cause infectious diseases and microbial intoxications

-a pathogen colonizes a person's body

-pathogen causes disease

-a pathogen produces a toxin in vitro (outside the body)

-a person ingests the toxin

-toxin causes the disease

Infectious diseases result when a pathogen inhabits the body and subsequently causes disease.

Micorbial intoxications result when a person ingests a toxin (poisonous substance) that has been produced by a pathogen outside the body. 

-first person to see live bacteria and protozoa

-"Father of Microbiology" (or Protozoology)

- single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes

-discovered the process of alcoholic fermentation

-discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen (anaerobes)

-developed a process to kill microbes that were causing wine to spoil- pasteurization

-made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease

- discovered infectious agents that caused silkworm diseases and how to prevent them

-changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens

-developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas

-developed vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs and treat human rabies

-Koch's Postulates

-contributions to the scientific theory of disease

-discovered B anthracis produces spores capable of resisting adverse conditions of anthrax

-developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria

-developed methods of cultivating bacteria on a solid media, thus obtaining pure cultures

-discovered the bacterium that causes tuberculosis and the one that causes cholera

-lead to a skin test valuable in diagnosing tuberculosis

abiogenesis is the idea that life can arise spontaneously from nonliving material.

 Biogenesis is the theory that life can only arise from preexisting life.

-first person to use the term "cells"

-small, empty chambers in the structure of cork= cell

1. type of genetic material (DNA vs RNA)

2. shape of capsid

3. number of capsomeres

4. size of capsid

5. presence or absence of an envelope

6. type of host that it infects

7. type of disease it produces

8. target cell

9. immunologic or antigenic properties

1. have either DNA or RNA, not both like living cells

2. unable to replicate on their own, must invade a host cell

3. do not divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis

4. lack the genes and enzymes necessary for energy production

5. depend on ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites of host cell for protein and nucleic acid production

-HIV

-meningitis

-measles

-mumps

-influenza

viroid- infectious RNA molecule

-cause plant diseases

virion- complete viral particle

-can infect humans, animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, algae, and bacterial cells

1. gram-negative

2. gram-positive

3. those that lack a cell wall

or

-can classify on the basis of their relationship to oxygen and CO₂

1. kills the organisms

2. preserves their morphology (shape)

3. anchors smear to the slide

-Pneumonia

-nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

-Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

-more closely related to procaryotes

-many are extremeophiles (live in extreme environments)

-cell walls have no peptidoglycan

-diff in rRNA structure