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Membrane that allows the passage of some but not all molecules Phospholipid Bilayer that allows water and small nonpolar solutes to pass, but not polar molecules or large molecules. |
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| Open channels for water in membrane that allows free passage of water |
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| Gates on channels in the membrane that do NOT allow free passage of polar molecules and ions |
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Type of protein found in cell membranes that functions in the transport of certain compounds (large molecules) across the membrane; may be called a permease or a carrier. Only OUT! Need energy Transport in: mostly monomers, big things need to be broken down Transport out: big proteins can leave b/c of special transport |
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| Movement of water across a membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution because the solute cannot move across the membrane |
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A solution that is more concentrated than the fluid inside the cell. Water leaves the cell causing the cell to shrivel |
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Solution outside of a cell that is less concentrated than the cell. Water will move into the cell and cause the cell to swell or potentially lyse if no cell wall present |
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Where the concentration in the solution and inside the cell are the same No net movement of water so the cell remains the same size |
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| Main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells due to osmosis |
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| Process in which water diffuses out of a cell, causing the cytoplasm to dehydrate and shrink from the cell wall |
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| Osmoprotection/Osmoprotectant |
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| Solutes that the cell produces when in a hypertonic solution so that less water leaves the cell |
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Form of energy generated by the electron transport chain, which expels protons to create a chemiosmotic gradient When the electron transport chain ejects protons from the cell creating an electrochemical gradient which is a form of energy The controlled flow of protons back into the cell release energy Δp = ΔΨ + ΔpH |
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Separation of charge across the membrane (positive outside and negative inside) Protons want to go inside cell, but can't because they are charged |
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| More protons outside the cell than inside so protons want to come in to equalize the concentration on both sides. |
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Complex of electron carriers in the electron transport chain that ejects protons from the cell Used to create the proton gradient and proton motive force |
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Electron pairs go through a series of redox reactions and the ΔGrnx is used for energy to pump protons out of the cell Electron donor: NADH Electron acceptor: O2 |
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| Uses light energy to make proton gradient |
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Material that makes up the cell wall for bacteria Important for cell shape and to hold in turgor pressure |
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N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)
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One of the sugars that is the backbone of peptidoglycan Links with NAM with β(1-4) bonds |
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One of the sugars that is the backbone of peptidoglycan Links with NAG with β(1-4) bonds |
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Peptides that come off of NAM to help crosslink 4 R-groups |
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Connect the peptide chains that come off of NAM Pentaglycine bridge See figure in note for full picture |
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AA side chains make peptide bonds Cross link side chain |
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Hook sugars together Need enzyme to break chain and need another enzyme to put in monomer |
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pentapeptide cross bridge (= pentaglycine bridge) |
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| teichoic acid / lipoteichoic acid |
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On Gram (+) Bacteria They are antigens They trigger the body to produce antibodies against the bacteria |
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Gram (-) bacteria Macromolecule formed by the bonding of lipid to protein Anchors outer membrane to PG layer Made up of three porins See figure in notes |
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Gram (-) Bacteria Proteins in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that form channels through which small molecules can pass |
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| Lipid bilayer that surrounds the PG layer of Gram negative bacteria |
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Part of outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria Molecule formed by bonding of lipid to polysaccharide Lipid A + Core Polysaccharide + O-antigen Endotoxin (toxic to our body) |
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In gram negative bacteria A part of LPS |
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Gram (-) Bacteria Part of LPS Antigenic polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the molecule that makes up the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria See figure |
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Make up mycobacterium cell wall around PG Anchored to sugars to long fatty acids Make up the waxy layer around some bacteria which makes it hard to stain and kill them |
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Has no cell wall Can take any shape |
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