Natural: Produced by your own body in response to "normal" events

Artifical: Produced by another, or in response to "unnatural" events

Active: Producing your own antibodies

Passive: Receiving someone else's antibodies

Blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies

Antiserum is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases

Oral: Eat the vaccine and its digested

Injected: Vaccine is injected right into your bloodstream

Something that boosts the immune response

Agents that modify the effect of other agents (e.g., drugs, vaccines) while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves

Vaccine against inactivated toxin, not the whole bacterium

Not against the cell surface

Need to know which protein(s) on the pathogen are most immunogenic (PMPs)

Just make a vaccine with those parts: PMPs

Usually made as a cojugate if possible (not very good because they are T-independent antigens)

Produce no memory cells

Conjugate to a protein so that it can bind to only one receptor, be engulfed, and be presented

Produces plasma cells and B memory cells

T-dependent antigens which causes a stronger immune response

The pathogen's DNA is injected into you

You make the pathogen's proteins for a short time which are presented or secreted

Activated T_C and other immune responses occur

Determining the concentration of antibodies in a serum

Usually expressed as the dilution of serum that still gives a positive result

Used to find out if someone has been exposed to a certain disease

The serum before the infection

You have to use an average for this as a baseline

Antibody produced from a single B cell

Antibody produced against one specific protein

the scientific study of blood serum

the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum

Involves soluable proteins

Involves Ab/Ag crosslinking to form large, insoluable aggregates

Requires an optimized antibody and antigen ratio

Precipitin derivative

When there is diffusion through the agar

Either antibody or antigen is added to center well, antigens or antibodies to surrounding wells

Antigen and antibody diffuse into the agar

Line of "precipitin" forms @ optimal Ab:Ag ratio

Precipitin derivative

Diffusion through the electrophoresis gel

Mixture of antigens separated by electrophoresis based on charge

Antibody added to long well

Precipitin line forms where antibody recognizes antigen

Based on antibody-antigen crosslinking

Involves large particles rather than soluable proteins

Cells clump together if antibodies that recognize them are present at right titer

For type A blood you put in anti-A and it agglutinates, but with anti-B it doesn't

Type of agglutination

Bind known antibodies with fluorescently tagged F_c ends to patient sample that may contain antigen (or whole cell)

Looking for the antigen in the patient

Bind antibodies from patient to known antigen on slide

Bind anti-F_c secondary antibodies to primary antibodies

Looking to see if patient is making antibodies against the antigen

Known antigen detects presence of antibodies

Used to see if you were already sick to see if you can produce the antibodies necessary

Combines ELISA with electrophoresis

Separate antigens (proteins) by electrophoresis

Transfer gel to filter paper

Add primary antibody (recognizes SOME of the antigents)

 Add secondary antibody

Add substrate for enzyme to see where antigen was on the gel

Used in western blotting

Recognizes some of the antigens (maybe just one)

Used to find where the antigen was present on the gel 

Used in western blot

Can be anti-[IgG F_c] 

 Used to find where the antigen was present on the gel