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Definition
| An increase in cell numbers |
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Term
| Involves reactions such as |
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Definition
Energy transformations
Synthesis of small molecules, growth factors etc
Polymerization reactions |
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Term
| Binary fission is a type of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First step of binary fission? |
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Definition
| Increase in cellular constituents and size of individual cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inward growth of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| time required for cells to double in number |
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Term
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Definition
| filamentous temperature sensitive |
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Term
| Fts protiens are important for |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations in Fts protiens |
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Definition
| Do not divide normally but instead form long filamentous cells that fail to divide |
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Term
| Fts proteins interact to form |
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Definition
| the divisions (cell division apparatus) |
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Term
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Definition
forms a ring around center of cell
Related to tibulin |
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Term
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Definition
| anchor that connects FtsZ ring to cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
helps connect FtsZ ring to membrane and also recruits other divisome proteins
Related actin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication occurs before |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of FtsZ ring is facilitated by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes are pulled apart by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ring depolymerizes, inward growth of wall materials |
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Term
| Prokaryotes contain a cell cytoskeleton similar to |
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Definition
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Term
| A major shape-determining factor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forms spiral shaped bands just underneath the cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
| Not found in ______-shaped bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Variations in shape
likely due to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shape-determining protein produced by vibrio-shaped cells of Caulobacter crescentus |
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Term
| Production of new cell wall material is a major feature of |
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Definition
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Term
| In cocci, cell walls grow in |
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Definition
| opposite directions outward from the FtsZ ring |
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Term
| In rod-shaped cells, growth occurs at |
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Definition
| several points along the length of the cell |
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Term
| Preexisting peptidoglycan needs to be severed to allow |
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Definition
| new peptidoglycan to be formed |
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Term
| Beginning at the FtsZ ring, small openings in the wall are created by |
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Definition
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Term
| What is added across the openings? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| junction between new and old peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
NAM-NAG peptide precursor and
Transports complex across membrane |
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Term
| Bacterophrenol do what in glycolysis |
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Definition
| catalyze glycosidic formation |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide cross links are formed |
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Term
| Transpeptidation is inhibited by |
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Definition
| penicillin because it's penecillin binding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Do pathogenic bacteria have PG? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time required for population to double |
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Term
| Most bacteria have ____ generation times than eukaryotic microbes |
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Definition
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Term
| Generation times depend on |
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Definition
| growth and incubation conditions medium |
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Term
| Is growth in nature ideal? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Number of cells double during a consistant time interval |
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Term
| Semilogarithmic graphs are ways to |
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Definition
| Convenient and easy to estimate GT’s |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of generations in a time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Generation time (g) of the exponentially growing population is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a closed-system microbial culture of fixed volume |
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Term
| Typical growth curve for population of cells grown in a closed system is characterized by four phases |
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Definition
lag phase
exponential
stationary
death |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical growth curve for population of cells grown in a closed system is characterized by four phases |
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Term
|
Definition
most common
type of continuous culture
device |
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Term
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Definition
Way to control growth rate
and population density |
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Term
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Definition
Dilution rate (fresh medium vs spent)
nutrient concentration |
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Term
| Total cell count advantages |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cannot distinguish between live and dead cells
Small cells may be missed
Motile cells have to be immobilized |
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Term
|
Definition
- Another method for enumerating cells in liquid samples
Uses laser beams, fluorescent dyes, and electronics |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of living, reproducing population |
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Term
| two ways of viable cell counts |
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Definition
Spread plate method
Pour-plate method |
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Term
| Should have only ____ colonies/plate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (used to measure cell mass-cell number) – due to light scatter |
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Term
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Definition
specific wavelengths
Optical density (OD) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| must first be established |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Quick and easy
Repeated measurements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Four environmental factors affecting growth |
|
Definition
Temperature and most important
pH
osmolarity
oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| widespread in nature (most common and associated with warm blooded animals) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Optimum is 15 degrees celcius or lower |
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Term
|
Definition
Can grow at 0 degrees celcius
Best between 20 and 40 degrees celcius
More widely distributed than psychrophiles |
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Term
| Adaptations in psychrohiles (2) |
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Definition
| enzymes and transport processes |
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Term
| How do enzymes work in psychrophiles |
|
Definition
More a helices (alpha)
Lesser b sheets (beta)
Provides more flexibility |
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Term
| How do transport processes work in psychrophiles? |
|
Definition
More unsaturated fatty acids in cytoplasmic membrane
Membrane flexibility at lower temps |
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Term
| Above ~65°C, only __________ life forms exist |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Growth temperature optima between 45-80°C |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Three adaptations in thermo and hyperthermophiles |
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Definition
Enzymes are more stable
Membranes have more saturated fatty acids
Archae may form monolayers |
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Term
| Hyperthermophiles produce heat stable enzymes like _______ which is helpful in _______ |
|
Definition
| tag polymerase, pcr testing |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms grow best between pH 6 and 8 |
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Term
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Definition
grow at pH below 6
Eg: Fungi in apple juice
Some are obligate acidophiles; membranes destroyed at neutral pH
Stability of cytoplasmic membrane critical |
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Term
|
Definition
grow at pH above 8
Found in soda lakes and high carbonate soils
Eg: Bacillus firmus |
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Term
| What do some alkaliphiles have instead of proton motive force? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| must stay relatively close to neutral even though the external pH is highly acidic or basic |
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Term
| Microbial culture media typically contain buffers |
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Definition
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Term
| Availability of water is dependent on what two things? |
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Definition
Interaction with solute molecules
absorption to the surface of solids |
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Term
|
Definition
| degree of water availability |
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Term
| What is water activity defined as? |
|
Definition
| ratio of the vapor pressure of the air in equilibrium with a substance or solution to the vapor pressure of pure water |
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Term
| Water activity values vary between |
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Definition
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Term
| Typically, the cytoplasm has a _______ solute concentration than the surrounding environment, thus the tendency is for water to move _____ the cell (positive water balance) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that grow best at reduced water potential; have a specific requirement for NaCl (~3 %) |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that require high levels (15-30%) of NaCl for growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that can tolerate some reduction in water activity of environment but generally grow best in the absence of the added solute |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that live in environments high in sugar as solute |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms able to grow in very dry environments |
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Term
| Need to keep the osmotic concentration of the cytoplasm _____ that of environment |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the osmotic concentration of the cytoplasm stay above that of the environment? |
|
Definition
Pumping inorganic ions from environment into cell
Synthesis or concentration of organic solutes |
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Term
| Compatible solutes are compatible with ___________ at high intracellular concentrations |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| survival with osmotic changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Require atmospheric levels of O2 for growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| do not require oxygen and may even be killed by exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can use O2, but can grow without it also |
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Term
|
Definition
| can use oxygen only when it is present at levels reduced from that in air |
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Term
|
Definition
| can tolerate oxygen and grow in its presence even though they cannot use it |
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Term
|
Definition
| medium that separates microbes based on oxygen requirements |
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Term
Oxygen readily accepts electrons (reduction) to form toxic molecules that can destroy cellular constituents
like |
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Definition
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|
Term
Enzymes are present to neutralize most of these toxic oxygen species
(Detoxification)
(4) |
|
Definition
catalase
peroxidase
superoxide dismutase
superoxide reductase |
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