Term
| which domain posses both histones and DNA gyrase |
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Definition
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Term
| which domain posses only DNA gyrase |
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Definition
BACTERia
think about greasy bacon |
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Term
| domain possesing jhistones |
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Definition
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Term
| function of histones in EUK |
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Definition
| used for winding effect in bacteris produces nucleosome structure |
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Term
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Definition
eukary and archeal NOT BACTERIA
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Term
| which domain has bidirectional synthesis |
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Definition
Bacteria and archaeal due to circular DNA
archeal does not have histones |
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Term
| does archeal havec promoters and RNA polyermerase like EUK?? |
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Definition
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Term
| Similarities b/w euk and archea |
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Definition
BREL initiation
TATA binding protein ** (TBP)
TFB
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Term
**similarity b/w Bact and arch
- cell division
- nuecleous
- **transcriptio and translation ( location)
-chromosome shape
-signal to initiate translation |
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Definition
- binary division
- no nucleous--> nucleolous
- cytosol trans and transla floating in free space
- COUPLED TRANSLATION**
- sing celled circular chrom
- SHINE DALGARNO SEQ signal to initiate translation
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Term
| protein encoding genes in Euka often split to ____ by _____ |
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Definition
| exons ( coding regions) introns (non-coding regions) |
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Term
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Definition
exon- coding regions
introns- non coding regions
in prefix means to "not have" |
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Term
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Definition
| marture mRNA is only one that contains exon regions becuase exons are coding regions meaning mRNA produces protein by coding this region; |
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Term
| how do we produce a function mRNA? |
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Definition
| removing introns ( noncoding regions |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotes winding DNA around histones to form helix
histones play a primary role in this formation |
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Term
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Definition
DNA histone complex-
combination of DNA and other proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus. The primary protein component of chromatin is histones which act to compactly package the DNA.
function: highly condensed chromatin - CANNOT be transcribed because it cannot be accessed by RNA polymerases |
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Term
| can chromatin be transcribed |
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Definition
| NOOOO, because it is so tightly condensed that it cannot be accessed by RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| define meiosis and what is its results |
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Definition
speciaized to form nuclear division
results in 4 haploid cells
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE Components
meosis- egg and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
contain linear DNA
+ chromosomes posses centromeres |
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Term
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Definition
**Polymerizes DNA primer,
region of DNA inorder to regrow the missing DNA strands after synthesis (prevents shortinging and dissapearance of DNA)
In the DNA replication, RNA primer attaches to DNA, then DNA Pol polymerases DNA by recruiting
dNTPs. So, without RNA primer DNA Pol can't initiate DNA synthesis. So, RNA primer binding region is not going to be polymerized. If this problem continues, newly synthesized DNA is going to be shorter and shorter. After many many generations, DNA will be disappeared. Therefore, this RNA primier region should be synthesized. So, telemerase has 3' to 5' reverse transcriptase activity and it can polymerase that region with coordination of telomere.
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Term
| what is a telomere what function does it serve? |
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Definition
| telomeres contains non-coding DNA material and prevents constant loss of important DNA from chromosome ends. As a result, every time the chromosome is copied |
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Term
| function of RNA splicing and capping |
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Definition
| splicing removes introns from RNA transctption- this allows specificity of protein synthesis later on inorder to create specialized protein depending on need. its basically acustomizing protein (splicesome) |
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Term
function of RNA capping
how is it performed ****
why do we need it |
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Definition
cap- methylated guanine at 5 phosphate end of mRNA
cap is needed for translation--> promotes formation of initation complex (mRNA and ribosome)
capping occurs BEFORE transcription is complete |
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Term
function of poly (A) tail in RNA processing
WHAT IS IT
WHAT IS IT'S FUNCTION
HOW DOES IT SERVE IT'S FUNCTION |
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Definition
F: REQUIRED for transtlation, signal statting that mRNA is not RNA and is ready for translation
(basically a marker)
poly a tail - triming 3 end of precurosor mRNA adding adenylte residues
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Term
| how does RNA capping assist in forming ribosome complex and production of protein |
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Definition
Ribosome can reginze capping site and initiate synthesis of protein |
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Term
| function of RNA polymerase 1 |
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Definition
| transcribes genes from 2 large rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| transcribes prtein by encoding genes |
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Term
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Definition
| transcribes genes for TRNA 5s RNA, and other small RNA molecule |
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Term
| does eukar mRNA have any ribosome binding sites?? |
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Definition
| no!!, because it ribosome binding sites are also called shine daug sequence, and Euk do not have this --> instead they having CAPING action and POLY tail! |
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Term
| does Euk have shine daug seg?? what does it have instead?? what effect does this have??? |
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Definition
No shineo daug sequence ; however it has capping,
§ Shine-Dalgarno sequence:a short stretch of nucletodies on a prokaryotic mRNA molecule upstream of the translational start site (AUG) theat binds to ribosomal RNA and thereby brings the ribosomes to the initiation codon on the mRNA
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Term
| function of shine dalgarno sequence |
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Definition
§ Shine-Dalgarno sequence:a short stretch of nucletodies on a prokaryotic mRNA molecule upstream of the translational start site (AUG) theat binds to ribosomal RNA and thereby brings the ribosomes to the initiation codon on the mRNA
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Term
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Definition
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Term
effects of RNAi**
where is it found? |
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Definition
ONLY IN EUK
it is defense agains mechanism: removes infected RNA virs by -->
1. dicer cleaves dsRNA (infected double stranded RNA) short frags
2. RISC- binds siRNA (fragged virus RNA) seperates strand, then RISC finds mRNA twi of halved infected virus RNA
3. RISC cleaves corresponding mRNA of siRNA
4. RNA frag degreaded by exonuclease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of RISC what controlls is expression |
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Definition
| RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) recognizes and destroys ssRNA coressponding to siRNA |
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Term
| Process of gene silencing |
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Definition
- can be post-transcriptional or transcriptional
- Dicer cleaves dsRNA into shorter seg
- RISC complex binds siRNA and seperates the strand (RISC + sIRNA)
- RISC complex finds mRNA complementary to siRNA
- RISC cleaves mRNA
- RNA fragments degraded by exonuclease
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Term
| transcriptional gene silencing |
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Definition
| Transcriptional gene silencing is the result of histone modifications, creating an environment of heterochromatin around a gene that makes it inaccessible to transcriptional machinery (RNA polymerase, transcription factors, etc.). |
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Term
| post-transcriptional gene silencing function, process |
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Definition
| Post-transcriptional gene silencing is the result of mRNA of a particular gene being destroyed or blocked. The destruction of the mRNA preventstranslation to form an active gene product (in most cases, a protein). A common mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing is RNAi. |
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Term
| F-methyiamine is a tRNA key that binds to start codon AUG, initates translation in ONLY bacteria |
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Definition
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