Term
|
Definition
destruction or removal of all viable
organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
killing, inhibition, or removal of most disease
causing (pathogenic) organisms; disinfectants used usually on inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduction of microbial population to
levels deemed safe (based on public
health standards) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevention of infection of living tissue
by microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kill microorganisms (pathogens, non-pathogens, not necessarily spores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit microorganisms growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use of chemicals to kill or inhibit
growth of microorganisms within host
tissue |
|
|
Term
| decimal reduction time (D value) |
|
Definition
| time it takes to kill 90% of microbes/spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temp. change at
a given D value that will
reduce microbial
population by 90% |
|
|
Term
| 6 factors of antimicrobial agent efficiency |
|
Definition
| population size, population composition, concentration/intensity of agent, contact time, temperature, local environment |
|
|
Term
| heat methods of controlling microbial growth |
|
Definition
| moist heat (boiling), steam sterilization (autoclave), pasteurization |
|
|
Term
| 4 properties of a good disinfectant |
|
Definition
| effective against wide variety of infectious agents, at low concentrations, in presence of organic matter, and stable in storage (also good smell, soluble in water/lipids, inexpensive, not toxic or corrosive, and low surface tension) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
common use in lab and hospital disinfectants
denatures proteins, disrupts membranes
turberculocidal
effective with organic matter, long lasting
bad odor, skin irritant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most widely used disinfectants/antiseptics
common: ethanol and isopropanol (60-80%)
bactericidal fungicidal, not sporicidal, some viruses
denature proteins, dissolve membrane lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skin antiseptic
oxidizes cell constituents, iodinates proteins
kills some spores at high concentration
stains, allergies, skin damage
iodophore - complexed with organic carrier to release iodine slowly, less skin burns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxidizes cell constituents
destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi
disfects water supplies, food, household cleaner
chlorine gas is sporicidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde
highly reactive, combine with and deactivate proteins and nucleic acids
sporicidal, chemical sterilants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microbicidal, sporicidal
penetrating, heat sensitive items
combine with and deactivate DNA and proteins
ethylene oxide, vaporized hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disinfectant screening test comparing potency of disinfectant to phenol
coefficient greater than one means more effective than phenol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5˚C
1 calorie = 4.1840 Joules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of energy in a system available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure
∆G = ∆H-T∆S |
|
|
Term
| 3 mechanisms of metabolic regulation |
|
Definition
metabolic channeling (compartmentation)
transcriptional/translational regulation
direct stimulation/inhibition of enzyme |
|
|
Term
| 4 classes of growth factors |
|
Definition
amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins
heme |
|
|
Term
| best known group translocation system |
|
Definition
phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar
phosphotransferase system (PTS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by microorganisms and complexed with ferric ion and transported back into cell
to aid uptake of iron into cell |
|
|
Term
| classifications of culture media |
|
Definition
chemical constituents
physical nature
function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
every component and its concentration known
chemical classification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some components of unknown composition or concentration
peptones, extracts, agar
chemical classification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supports growth of many microorganisms
functional classification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general purpose media supplemented
by blood or other special nutrients
e.g. blood agar
functional classification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
favor the growth of some
microorganisms and inhibit growth
of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distinguish between different groups of
microorganisms based on their biological
characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
actin homolog, plays role in determination of
cell shape and chromosome segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms Z ring, filaments of meshwork
tubulin homolog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
limits Z ring to center of cell
Min C, D, and E oscillate from end to end of cell
link Z ring to cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| penicillin binding proteins PBPs |
|
Definition
link peptidoglycan strands and catalyze
controlled degradation for new growth
determine cell shape
have autolysin enzyme activity to degrade peptidoglycan and site new units added |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lag, exponential, stationary, death |
|
|
Term
| 3 methods for direct cell counting |
|
Definition
counting chambers
flow cytometry
on membrane filters - fluorescent dyes (some can distinguish live and dead cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuous culture system
rate of incoming medium = rate of removal of medium from vessel
essential nutrient at limited quantities
operates best at low dilution rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
operates best at high dilution rates
no limit of nutrients
dilution rate varies
maintains constant turbidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rate at which medium flows through vessel relative to vessel size
D= f/V |
|
|
Term
| mechanosensitive channels |
|
Definition
allows solutes to leave
in plasma membrane
to reduce osmotic concentration of cytoplasm in
hypotonic solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect many light-exposed microorganisms from photooxidation |
|
|
Term
| extracellular polmeric substance EPS |
|
Definition
biofilms
secreted by microbes to condition surface |
|
|
