1.  protection against disease

2.  competetion with disease causing bacteria

3.  development of the intestine

4.  process foodstuffs that the body can't digest

5.  antibiotics

prokaryote-single-celled organism that does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus nor any other membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic cell-cell characterized by lack of a nuclear membrane and the absence of membrane bound organelles

The prokaryotic members of the microbial world include

1.  algae      2.  fungi    3.  prions    4.  bacteria

5.  archeaea

a) 1, 2     b) 2,3     c) 4,5     d) 1,5

Organism composed of one or more eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cell-Complex cell type differing from a prokaryotic cell mainly in having a nuclear membrane

The archaea

1.  are microscopic

2.  are commonly found in extreme environments

3.  contain peptidoglycan

4.  contain mitochondria

5.  are most commonly foundly found in soil

a)  1,2  b) 2,3  c) 3,4  d) 4,5  e) 1,5

bacteria=a domain of prokaryotes

virus=Acellular or non-living agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

recycling and decomposing/eukaryote

The agent that contains no nucleic acid is a

a) virus     b) prion     c) viroid    d) bacterium

e) fungus

Prokaryotes do not have

a) cell walls     b) flagella     c) a nuclear membrane

d) genetic shapes     e) genetic information

Which of the following are eukarotes?

1. algae      2. viruses    3.  bacteria     4.  prions   

5.  protozoa

a) 1,2     b) 2,3     c) 3,4     d) 4,5     e) 1,5

Escherichia=genus

E.

coli=species

covalent= A strong chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

ionic= A bond formed by the attraction of positively charged atoms or molecules to negatively charged ones

hydrogen= A weak bond resulting from the attraction between a positively charged atoms in one compound and a negatively charged atom in another compound

acid=pH<7

base=pH>7

buffer= prevents drastic shifts in pH, which would be deleterious to growth.  These keep pH near neutral

All macromolecules are polymers

carbohydrate- characterized by a large number of -OH groups and containing principally carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

lipids- a heterogenous group of organic molecules characterized by being insoluble in water, but soluble soluble in organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene

nucleic acids- a macromolecule consisting of chains of nucleotide subunits to form either DNA or RNA

When proteins encounter different conditions such as high tempertaure, highor low pH or certain solvents, bonds within the protein are broken and its shape changes.  The protein becomes denatured and no longer functions

The strongest bonds between two atoms in solution are

a) covalent     b) ionic      c) hydrogen bonds   

d) hydrophobic interaction 

The primary structure of a protein relates to its

a) sequence of amino acids    b) length     c) shape

d) solubility    e) monosaccharides

simple- employs a basic dye to impart a color to a cell.  It is easy to increase the contrast between otherwise colorless cells and a transparent background

negative- acid dyes used to stain backgrounds against which colorless cells can be seen.

endospore- a dormant cell that is resistant to destruction and staining

Gram- the most widely used procedure for staining bacteria

acid fast stains- A procedure used to stain a small group of organisms that don't readily take up stains

coccus- most common bacteria

bacillus- common rod shaped bacteria

vibrio- bacteria that is a short curved rod

spirillum-a curved rod long enough to form spirals

spirochete- type of long helical cell wall and an axial filament

Explain the arrangements- single, diplo, strepto etc.

diplo-two

strepto-multiple

polar=unequal sharing

non polar=equal sharing

1.  high heat capacity

2.  doesn't evaporate very readily

3.  keeps its shape

The theory that organsims can arise from non living matter is called

A) spontaneous generation

B) biogenesis theory

C) cell theory

D) the theory of evolution

Which of the following experimental requirements was necessary for Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation?

A)  providing a nutrient source that would support microbial growth

B)  providing air

C)  preventing airborne organisms from entering the flask

D)  heating the flask to kill any microorganisms that were initially present in the broth

E)  all of the above

All of the following are true with regard to bacteria Except:

A)  They are single celled

B)  Most have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose

C)  They don't contain a true nucleus, that is they are prokaryotes

D)  They multiply by binary fission

E)  Many have flagella for movement

Microbes that are very similar in shape, size and appearance to the bacteria, but able to live in environments of very high salt concentration and temperatures above boiling

A)  prokaryote     B)  eucharea     C)  archaea

D)  animalia     E)  protozoa

1.  primary- The number and arrangement or sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

2.  secondary- several different arrangements, a  helix or B sheets

3.  tertiary- chain folds back into a three dimensional shape 

4.  quaternary- proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain