Term
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Definition
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Algae
-Viruses
-Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| Established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735 |
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| Description of scientific names |
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Definition
-Are italicized or underlined - the genus is capitalized; the specific epithet is lowercase
-Are "Latinized" and used worldwide
-May be descriptive or honor a scientist |
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Term
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Definition
-Prokaryotes (”Prenucleus")
-Single-celled
-Peptidoglycan cell walls
-Divide via binary fission
-Derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Definition
-Prokaryotes
-Lack peptidoglycan cell walls
-Often live in extreme environments
Include: Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, Extreme thermophiles |
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Term
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Definition
| -Eukaryotes (Distinct nucleus_ -Chitin cell walls -Absorb organic chemicals for energy -Yeasts are unicellular -Molds and mushrooms are multicellular -Molds consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Eukaryotes
-Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
-May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
-Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host) |
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Definition
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Definition
-Eukaryotes
-Cellulose cell walls
-Found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
-Use photosynthesis for energy
-Produce oxygen and carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Acellular
-Consist of DNA or RNA core
-Core is surrounded by a protein coat
-Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
-Inert outside living hosts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Multicellular animal parasites |
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Definition
-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular animals
-Not strictly microorganisms
-Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths
-Some microscopic stages in their life cycles |
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Term
| Classification of microorganisms |
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Definition
Developed by Carl Woese
Three domains based on cellular organization:
1) Bacteria - cell walls contain peptidoglycan
2) Archaea - cell walls (if present) lack peptidoglycan
3) Eukarya include:
-Protists - slime molds, protozoa, algae
-Fungi - unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms
-Plants - mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
-Animals - sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
-Reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or "cells"
-Marked the beginning of cell theory: All living things are composed of cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Observed the first microbes between 1623-1673.
-"Animalcules" viewed through magnifying lenses |
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Term
| Golden Age of microbiology |
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Definition
1857–1914
-Beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs |
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Term
| Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) |
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Definition
-Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation
-Fermentation is the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
-Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages
-Bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
-Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine
-Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages |
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Term
| Joseph Lister (1827-1912) |
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Definition
| Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease. |
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Term
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Definition
1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then immune from smallpox
Vaccination is derived from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow
The protection is called immunity |
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Term
| Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) |
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Definition
-Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation
-Fermentation is the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
-Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages
-Bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
-Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine
-Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages |
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Term
| Two types of chemotherapeutic agents |
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Definition
| Synthetic and Antibiotics |
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Definition
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Definition
| Classified streptococci based on their cell wall components in 1933. This was a major advance in immunology. |
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Definition
| The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
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Definition
| The study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
DNA made from two different sources
-In the 1960s, Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA, and the bacteria produced an animal protein |
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Term
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Definition
Microbes normally present in and on the human body
-Bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to the term flora for microbes
This term has been replaced by microbiota
-Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens
-Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as vitamins B and K
-Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease
-Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
-Caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
-Common to SARS
-Severe acute respiratory syndrome
-100 deaths in the Middle East from 2012 to 2014 |
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Term
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Definition
-Influenza A virus
-Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
-Sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred |
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Term
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Definition
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
-1950s: Penicillin resistance developed
-1980s: Methicillin resistance
-1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported
-VISA: vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
-VRSA: vancomycin-resistant S. aureus |
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Term
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Definition
West Nile encephalitis
-Caused by West Nile virus
-First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937
-Appeared in New York City in 1999
-In nonmigratory birds in 48 states
-Transmitted between birds and to horses and humans by mosquitoes |
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Term
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
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Definition
-Caused by a prion
-An infectious protein that also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
-New variant of CJD in humans is related to cattle that have been given feed made from prion-infected sheep |
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Term
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Definition
-Toxin-producing strain of E. coli
-First seen in 1982; causes bloody diarrhea
-Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
-Ebola virus
-Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
-Transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids
-First identified near Ebola River, Congo
-2014 outbreak in Guinea; hundreds killed |
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Term
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Definition
-Cryptosporidium protozoa
-First reported in 1976
-Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
-In the United States, transmitted via water |
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Term
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Definition
-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
-Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-First identified in 1981
-Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females
-Worldwide epidemic infecting 35 million people; 6000 new infections every day
-HIV/AIDS in the United States: 26% are female, and 49% are African American |
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