Spontaneous Generation

living organisms could develop from nonliving matter

Koch's Postulate

1. microorganism must be present in every case of disease

2. microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture

3. same disease must result after microorganism after inoculation

4. same microorganism must be isolated from diseased host

Koch's Molecular Postulate

1. virulence trait associated more with pathogenic strains of specieis rather than nonpathogenic

2. inactivation of gene associated with virulence should be decrease pathogenicity

3. replacement of mutated gene with normal gene should restore pathogenicity

4. gene has to be expressed at soem point during infection

5. antibodies/immune system directed against gene should protect host

Coci

Round

Bacillus

Rod

Vibrio

Comma Rod

Spirilla/spirachetes

spiral

Fluid Mosaic Model

Mosiac= proteins

fluidity important for cell to live

Archaeal Membrane

 - monolayer

-ether bond

long chain hydrocarbon is phytanol

- tetraether

Inclusion Body

-little granules

-storage

-reduces osmotic pressure

- organic, inorganic, megnetosmes, gas vacuoles

Cell Structure

-cell wall

- plasma membrane

- nucleoid

-ribosomes

- inclusoin bodies

Nucleoid

 - location of chromosome

- irregularly shaped region

- not membrane bound

Bacteria Cell Wall

-provide shape

- protect cell from osmotic lysis

- contribute to pathogenicity

Gram +

-Thick peptidoglycan on outside

-stain purple

NAG, NAM

2 sugars that make up sugar chain in peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan

sugar chain (NAG, NAM), 4 AA's (tetrapeptide) links sugars on adjacent chain (4 AA's  attached to sugar then covalently bonded to another 4AA that is attached to adjacent sugar)

Tetrapeptide

4 AA's that link sugars on adjacent chain

(AA's covalently bounded to AA's on adjacent sugar chain)

Teichoic Acid

Polymers of glycerol that have negative charge, found in G+ cells

Periplasm

Space between outer and inner membrane in G- cells (includes peptidoglycan)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

in outer membrane of G- cells

3 parts: lipid A, core polysaccharide, o-side chain

Lipid A

Part of LPS

helps stabilize outer membrane structure

can act as an exotoxin

Core polysaccharide

varies from species to species

contributes to negative charge on cell surface

O-side chain

 Part of LPS

protection from host defense

varies with in same species

protoplast

cell completely lacking cell wall

spheroplast

cell with some cell wall remaining

Archaeal cell wall

lack peptidoglycan

cell wall varies from species to species

Capsules, slime layers, and S-layer function

-protection from host defense

- protection from environment

- attachment

- protectoin from infection or predation

- facilitate motility of gliding

- protection against osmotic stress

Fimbriae

- short

- hairlike

- 1000 per cell

- made of protein

- involved in motility and cell attachment

Pili

-large

- 1-10 per cell

- involved in congegatoin--> sex pili

Flagella

- motility

- single or multiple

 monotrichous

one flagellum

polar flagellum

flagellum at end of cell

amphitrichous

one flagellum at each end of cell

lophotrichous

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

peritrichous

spread over entire surface of cell

Endospore

-bacteria

-resistant to drying, heat, and radiation

- G+

- can survive for long time in unfavorable environment

Macronutrients

(macroelements)

-cell need lots of

- C, O₂, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe

micronutrients

(microelements)

 -need little of

- trace elements

- Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu

Autotrophs

CO₂ is carbon source

Heterotrophs

Organic molecules for carbon source

Phototrophs

use light for energy source

Chemotrophs

use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds for energy

Lithotrophs

electron source from reduced inorganic molecules

Organotrophs

electron source from organic molecules

Growth Factors

- organic molecules that an organism can't produce on own

- AA's, purines and pyrimidines, vitamins

Porins

G- cels

nonspecific

-outer membrane

Passive Diffusion

-very small

-lipid soluble

-nonpolar

-high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

 -high to low (gradient maintained because nutrients broken down once in cell)

-

Active Transport

- low (outside) to high (inside)

- uses energy, ATP

-(coupled transport)

Group translocation

- low to high

-energy dependent

-PEP passes phosphate down and is added to whatever is entering cell