Term
| What does the Spectrum of Antibiotics refer to? |
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Definition
| The breadth of range of organisms it is able to target |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural products which are used to treat bacterial infection without bringing harm to the host. |
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Term
| Define: Antibacterial Agents |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Anti-infective Agents |
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Definition
| Target a broad range of organisms |
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Term
| Antibiotics, Antibacterial and anti-infective agents are all... |
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Definition
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Term
| Narrow or Broader Spectrums are more likely to cause significant resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who and when did they discover penicillin? |
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Definition
| Alexander Fleming in 1928/9 |
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Term
| What are the four "mechanisms of action" for an antibiotic to target? |
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Definition
Cell Wall Biosynthesis
The Membrane
Protein synthesis
Nucleic Acid Metabolism |
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Term
| Which group of antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are in the β-Lactams group? |
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Definition
| Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams |
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Term
| What do the β-Lactams target? |
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Definition
| The peptidoglycan links in the gram-positive cell wall. |
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Term
| What is the biosynthesis inhibition of β-Lactams? |
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Definition
| irreversible inhibitors of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Form crosslinks between peptidoglycan chains and mimic the structures, and "tricks" them into binding to them instead of the target. |
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Term
| Define: Intrinsic Resistance |
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Definition
| Properties that bacteria have naturally and cannot exchange or modify |
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Term
| Define: Acquired Resistance |
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Definition
| Mechanisms that can evolve due to selective pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes which cleave the β-Lactam ring, exists naturally |
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Term
| What can engineering do the spectrum of β-Lactams? |
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Definition
| Increase their spectrum to target gram-negative cell walls, or avoid β-Lactamase degradation |
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Term
| What are the other antibacterial agents that can target cell walls? |
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Definition
| Bacitracin and glycopeptides |
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Term
| What is the function of Bacitracin? |
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Definition
| Sequesters the substrate of an enzyme necessary to cell wall synthesis |
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Term
| What do bacitracin and glycopeptides have in common? |
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Definition
| Bind to the substrate instead of the enzyme |
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Term
| Which is a glycopeptide and involved in growing and crosslinking peptidoglycan chains? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why don't glycopeptides effect gram-negative cells? |
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Definition
| Too big to fit in the pores |
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Term
| How does resistance to glycopeptides work? |
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Definition
| modification to the target substrate |
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Term
| Which are Antibiotics that act on the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has a fatty acid chain that functions by breaking up membrane components |
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Term
| What is the issue with polymyxin? |
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Definition
| Targeting is not as membrane specific, and lead to toxicity in humans |
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Term
| How does Daptomycin work? |
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Definition
| Tail of the molecule inserts into the membrane forming ion channels and allowing the outpour of K+ out of the cell. (DOES NOT LYSE IT) |
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Term
| What is targeted by inhibition of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| 30s and 50s Ribosomal Subunits |
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Term
| Which are inhibitors of the 30s sunbunits? |
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Definition
| Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines |
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Term
| Which are the well known animoglycosides? |
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Definition
| Streptomycin, gentamycin, and kanamycin |
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Term
| How does animoglycosides work? |
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Definition
| target 30s, and prevent tRNA to bind properly |
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Term
| What are the inhibitors of the 50s subunit? |
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Definition
MLS
Macrolides
Lincosamides
Streptogramins |
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Term
| What are the commonly prescribed macrolides? |
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Definition
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Tylosin |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversibly bind to RNA region of the 50s subunit which blocks progression of growing |
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Term
| How does resistance to Macrolides work? |
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Definition
| Target site modification of the rRNA adenine in the bacterial ribosome, MLSb Phenotype |
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Term
| How do Lancosamides work? |
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Definition
| They bind to a different (to the macrolides) but nearby location on the 50s |
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Term
| How do Streptogramins work? |
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Definition
Two part antibiotics, GroupA and GroupB
GroupA: Binds 50s and increases GroupB binding affinity by 100x
GroupB: blocking the tunnel and protein formation |
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Term
| Which are the antibiotics that target DNA and RNA in bacterial Cells? |
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Definition
| Trimepthropin, Quinalones, Nitroimidazoles and Nitrofurans |
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Term
| How do Quinalones and Fluoroquinalones work? |
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Definition
| Target DNA gyrase and prevent the separation and unsupercoiling of DNA |
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