Term
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Definition
| Synthesis reactions AKA building UP |
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Term
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Definition
| Lysis reactions AKA breaking DOWN |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions. |
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Term
| What happens during an reaction with enzymes? |
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Definition
| A reactant (substrate) binds to a specific binding site (active site) on the enzyme resulting in a lowering of the reaction's activation energy. |
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Term
| So an enzyme lowers a reaction's... |
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Definition
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Term
| What do enzyme reactions usually require? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do organic cofactors come from? What else are they called? |
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Definition
| Vitamins. Also called COENZYMES |
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Term
| Where do inorganic cofactors include? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 enzyme-catalyzed reactions? |
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Definition
1.)Dehydration synthesis reaction
2.)Hydrolysis
3.)Oxidation-reduction (redox) rxn |
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Term
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Definition
| The gaining of an oxygen atom or the loss of a hydrogen atom. |
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Term
| So if you are losing a hydrogen atom, what else are you losing during an oxidation reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of an oxygen atom or the gaining of a hydrogen atom. |
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Term
| So if you are gaining a hydrogen atom, what else are you gaining during a reduction reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step of energy harnessed from an electron? |
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Definition
| E- donor loses an electron (oxidation) which is then taken up by an e- acceptor (reduction) |
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Term
| After the reduction rxn takes place, how is energy released? |
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Definition
| Every time the H (e-) is transferred, energy is released. |
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Term
| What are the immediate acceptors of (E-)? They are also called ______. Then the E- must be transferred to the FINAL acceptor which is? |
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Definition
| NAD and FAD which becomes NADH + FADH2. Also called COENZYMES. O2. |
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Term
| What are 5 factors affecting enzyme activity? |
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Definition
1.)temperature
2.)pH
3.)Osmotic Pressure
4.)Cofactors
5.)Enzyme Inhibitors |
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Term
| Optimal temperature is when enzymes function at their ______. Most enzymes die at what temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to enzymes at a higher temperature than optimal? |
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Definition
| The reaction takes place too quickly resulting in distorted/useless products. |
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Term
| What happens to enzymes that have a temperature that is TOO high? |
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Definition
| The enzyme is permanently destroyed. There is no recovery. |
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Term
| What happens to enzymes at lower temperatures than optimal? |
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Definition
| The reaction takes place too slowly resulting in insufficient amounts of the product. |
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Term
| What is the pH range for best enzyme function? |
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Definition
| 5-8. Slightly acidic/slightly basic. Neutrophilic bacteria. |
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Term
| What does higher or lower pH result in? |
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Definition
| Distorted/useless/no product. |
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Term
| Does pH physically destroy an enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of environment do most enzymes prefer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when an enzyme is in a hypertonic environment? |
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Definition
| Distorted/useless/no product. |
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Term
| What are cofactors? If there are none? |
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Definition
| Non-protein helpers that must be present for an enzyme to function. No product can be created. |
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Term
| What are enzyme inhibitors? |
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Definition
| Chemicals that inhibit enzyme fxn. |
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Term
| What is a competitive inhibitor? |
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Definition
| An inhibitor that competes for the active site with the substrate. Can be permanent or temporary. |
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Term
| What is a noncompetitive inhibitor? |
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Definition
| An inhibitor that binds to other places other than the active site therefore CHANGING the active site to where it has bound itself. Can be permanent or temporary. |
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Term
| What kind of control makes enzyme inhibitors reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of allosteric control? |
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Definition
| When the body does not need ATP, an inhibitor blocks the enzyme that creates it. Negative feedback. |
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Term
| What is an example of a non-reversible enzyme inhibitor? |
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Definition
| Penicillin. It blocks the enzyme that makes peptidoglycan. All cillins work this way. |
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Term
| Which is the only thing that destroys the actual enzyme and not the way it works? |
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Definition
| EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURE> |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy necessary for most cellular activities. Stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine, Ribose and 3PO-4 |
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Term
| Where is the energy stored in ATP? |
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Definition
| The high energy phosphate bonds and is released when they are broken. |
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Term
| ATP -> ADP + P releases or requires energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| ADP + P -> ATP releases or requires energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 mechanisms used for ATP creation? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, pre-Kreb's, Kreb's, Electron Transport Chain. |
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Term
| How many ATP can a prokaryote create through these 4 steps? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during glycolysis? |
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Definition
Glycolysis --> 2 Pyruvate(Pyruvic Acid)
Using 2 ATP --> 4 ATP & 2 NADH.
So there is NET GAIN of 2 ATP/2 NADH |
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Term
| Where are the NADH that were created taken to? |
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Definition
| The electron transport chain. |
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Term
| What happens during pre-Kreb's? What has to be present for this to occur? |
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Definition
O2 MUST BE PRESENT. Happens TWICE.
2 Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA
-2C -2H +2 O2 2 CO2 + 2 NADH |
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Term
| What is the Kreb's Cycle also called? |
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Definition
| Citric Acid Cycle / TCA Cycle |
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Term
| How many times does the Kreb's Cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of the Kreb's Cycle? |
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Definition
| The oxidation of 4 carbon atoms. |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA combines with _________ acid to create ________ acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Then, citric acid goes through a number of reactions to be converted back into ________ acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| The C from Acetyl CoA is oxidized creating _____ _____ per cycle. (___ total) |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are produced per cycle? Total? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many NADH are produced per cycle? Total? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many FADH2 are produced per cycle? Total? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| A series of redox reactions. |
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Term
| The E-/H is transferred from _____ & _____ to O2 resulting in ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The final electron acceptor. |
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Term
| What kind of energy is used to pump H+ into the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does this pumping of H+ in the cell create? |
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Definition
| A higher concentration in the ICF. |
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Term
| What happens after the concentration is greater in the ICF? |
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Definition
| H+ is moved out through ATPsynthase which creates ATP as it moves out of the cell. |
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Term
| How much ATP can 1 NADH create? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much ATP can FADH2 create? |
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Definition
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Term
| So, during glycolysis how many molecules of ATP are created? |
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Definition
| 2 ATP + 2 NADH (3 ATP are produced per 1 NADH) = 2 ATP + 6 ATP(NADH) = 8 ATP |
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Term
| During Pre-Krebs, how many molecules of ATP are created? |
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Definition
| 2 NADH = 6 ATP + 8 from glycolysis = 14 ATP |
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Term
| During the Kreb's Cycle, how many molecules of ATP are created? |
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Definition
2 ATP
6 NADH = 18 ATP
2 FADH = 4 ATP
________________
24 ATP + 14 from previous
steps = 38 ATP! |
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Term
| What is the difference between anaerobic cellular respiration and aerobic? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic does NOT use O2 so wherever O2 is used in aerobic, an oxygen containing salt is put in its place. Same products! |
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Term
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Definition
| Incomplete glycolysis of Glucose. |
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Term
| Does fermentation require O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does fermentation occur? |
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Definition
| After Glycolysis when O2 is not present. |
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Term
| Pyruvate is converted to either an _____ or an ______ and NADH is converted to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of alcoholic fermentation? |
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Definition
| 2 ATP, CO2 and an alcohol USUALLY ethanol. |
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Term
| What are the results of acidic fermentation? |
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Definition
| 2 ATP and an acid such as lactic or butyric. NO CO2. |
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Term
| Does Photosynthesis produce any ATP itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of organism carries out photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is chlorophyll's fxn? |
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Definition
| Absorbs solar energy and uses it to energize E- |
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Term
| Where is chlorophyll found? |
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Definition
| Plants, algae and cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| What is oxygenic photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Take in H20 -> Produce O2 |
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Term
| What is an example of bacteriochlorophylls? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria. Same as chlorophyll. |
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Term
| What two groups of bacteria are bacteriochlorophylls found in? |
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Definition
| Purple and green bacteria. |
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Term
| Do bacteriochlorophylls absorb the same type of light as chlorophyll? |
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Definition
| No, absorb different types of light that allows these bacteria to live in different environments. |
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Term
| Bacteriochlorophylls are involved in _________ photosynthesis which is? |
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Definition
| Anoxygenic --> take in H2 or H2SO4 and DO NOT produce oxygen. |
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Term
| What are the two possible pathways of a light-dependent reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the cyclic pathway? Where does the electron that is being energized come from? |
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Definition
| Anoxygenic photosynthesis. Used to create ATP ONLY. Electron comes from its own chlorophyll. |
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Term
| What happens during the non-cyclic pathway? Where does the electron that is being energized come from? |
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Definition
| Oxygenic photosynthesis. Used to create ATP, NADH, and O2. Electron comes from an outside source. |
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Term
| What is a light-independent reaction? |
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Definition
| The organism uses energy from light reaction (already made ATP) to convert CO2 to an organic molecule. |
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