Term
| what are the different types of meningitis? |
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Definition
| 1) purulent: acute onset, marked inflammatory response, usually due to bacteria. 2) chronic: slower onset, symptoms develop over several weeks, chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease, usually caused by mycobacteria/fungi, occasionally parasites. 3) aseptic: cells in the CSF (not fungal/bacterial), due to viruses. 4) encephalitis: primarily viral, can include acute/chronic demyelinating disease w/ or w/o inflammation (often more severe - etiology and pathogenesis may be unknown). 5) meningoencephalitis: meningeal and encephalitic symptoms. |
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Term
| what are the common causes of viral meningitis in newborns, infants/children, adults, and as an infection sequela? |
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Definition
| newborns: HSV-2. infants/children: enteroviruses (most common), arboviruses, and HIV (early after infection). adults: HIV (early after infection) and arboviruses (athropod-borne). as an infection sequela: myxoviruses (influenza, mumps, measles), herpesviruses (HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (mice/hamsters). |
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Term
| what are the common causes of bacterial meningitis in newborns, infants/children, and adults? |
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Definition
| newborns: group B streptococci (most common), e. coli, listeria monocytogenes. infants/children: streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae (less common b/c of vax). adults: *community: strep pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, listeria monocytogenes and *nosocomial: gram negative bacilli and staph aureus. |
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Term
| what are the common bacterial/fungal causes of chronic meningitis? |
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Definition
| bacterial: mycobacterium tuberculosis, borrelia burgdorferi, treponema pallidum (neurosyphilis). fungal: cryptococcus neoformans, coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum (disseminate from respiratory infection). |
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Term
| what are the common bacterial/fungal/parasitic causes of brain abscess? |
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Definition
| bacterial: nocardia asteroids, mixed aerobic/anaerobic organisms. fungal: blastomyces dermatitidis. parasitic: toxoplasma gondii and taenia solium |
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Term
| what are the more common causes of acute viral encephalitis? |
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Definition
| herpesvirus (HSV 1, VZV, EBV) and arboviruses (la crosse, west nile, st. louis) |
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Term
| what are the less common causes of acute viral encephalitis? |
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Definition
| rabies, eastern/western equine encephalitis, powassan, CMV, enteroviruses, colorado tick fever, and mumps |
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Term
| what are the causes of chronic viral encephalitis? |
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Definition
| HIV (HAD - associated dementia), measles (SSPE: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), rubella (congenital infection/SSPE), JC polyomavirus (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) |
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Term
| what are the bacterial causes of infectious encephalitis? |
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Definition
| mycobacterium tuberculosis, borrelia burgdorferi |
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Term
| what are the fungal causes of infectious encephalitis? |
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Definition
| cryptococcus neoformans, coccoides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum |
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Term
| what are the parasitic causes of infectious encephalitis? |
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Definition
| toxoplasma gondii, plasmodium falciparum, trypanosoma spp |
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Term
| what are the prion causes of infectious encephalitis? |
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Definition
| creutzfeldt-jacob disease |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of meningitis? |
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Definition
| fever, h/a, n/v, stiff neck, confusion/disorientation, and loss of consciousness (last 2 more common w/bacterial) |
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Term
| what does the CSF analysis consist of for meningitis? |
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Definition
| evaluation of cells (#, type), glucose, and protein |
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Term
| what does the CSF analysis consist of for meningitis? |
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Definition
| evaluation of cells (#, type), glucose (CSF glucose is usually 2/3 serum levels), and protein |
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Term
| what does a CSF analysis for a viral CNS infection show? |
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Definition
| lymphocytes (but PMNs initially), normal glucose, and moderately increased protein (<150 mg/dL) |
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Term
| what does a CSF analysis for a bacterial CNS infection show? |
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Definition
| PMNs, low glucose (<25 mg/dL), and elevated protein (150-1000 mg/dL) |
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Term
| what does a CSF analysis for a chronic (TB+mycoses) CNS infection show? |
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Definition
| lymphocytes, low glucose, moderately increased protein (80-500 mg/dL) |
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