Term
| It relies on the use of special dideoxyribonucleotide bases that can be inserted into a growing DNA strand by DNA polymerase, but block the insertion of further nucleotides. |
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Definition
| Describe the Sanger method of sequencing |
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Term
| Whole genome shotgun sequencing is the strategy of choice for determining the sequence of bacterial genomes. |
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Definition
| What is shotgun sequencing? |
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Term
Bioinformatics allows us to process large quantities of biological data, and has developed in tandem with advances in DNA sequencing.
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Definition
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Term
It is a process in which DNA is extracted directly from microbial communities and sequenced or cloned into vectors to make libraries.
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Definition
| What is meant by the term “metagenomics”? |
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Term
| The DNA sequences were then compared to DNA sequence databases. In many cases, the sequenced SSU rRNA gene matched an existing sequence in the database. |
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Definition
| How can DNA isolated from a community be analyzed? |
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Term
| clone DNA fragments into vectors - synthesize new DNA strands – separate newly synthesized DNA strands by gel electrophoresis. |
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Definition
| The correct sequence of steps in the Sanger sequencing method is? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Pyrosequencing takes its name from the fact that this technique detects light that is emitted each time a new nucleotide base is added to the growing DNA strand. |
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Term
| Constitutive expression involves the expression of specific genes all of the time whereas inducible expression involves expression of specific genes when they are needed only. |
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Definition
| What is the difference between constitutive and inducible expression? |
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Term
| To regulate the transcription of genes that code for the enzymes is the most efficient method. |
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Definition
| Microbial cells can regulate the amount of protein produced. At what level is this control most efficient? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: The initiation of transcription can be regulated by affecting the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to DNA. |
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Term
| Negative control refers to regulatory mechanisms involving a repressor that blocks transcription. The repressor binds to the operator as a dimer and inhibits binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. |
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Definition
| Describe the process of negative control of gene expression. What is role of the repressor proteins play in this process? |
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Term
| During positive control, regulatory molecules lead to increased transcription. For these operons, an activator molecule increases the affinity of the RNA polymerase to promoters that otherwise do not bind them very strongly. |
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Definition
| Describe the process of positive control of gene expression. What is the role that activator proteins play in this process? |
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Term
| lac operon, cAMP is the effector, and allolactose is an inducer |
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Definition
| What role does lactose play in lac operon regulation? |
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Term
It binds to the operator and blocks transcription.
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Definition
| What role does the LacI repressor play in lac operon regulation? |
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Term
| A regulon is a collection of genes in which expression has been altered due to environmental changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose shuts down operons that produce enzymes utilizing a number of other nutrients in a process called catabolite repression. This ensures that E. coli preferentially utilizes glucose in the lac operon. |
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Definition
| How is catabolite repression involved in the actions of the lac operon? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: The SOS repair system uses alternative DNA polymerases that can fill in missing DNA strands but lacks the ability to proofread. This mechanism repairs the structure of the chromosome, but results in a high rate of mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: The term “quorum sensing” refers to the number of members of a group that must be present in order to conduct business (a quorum). When microbes achieve a quorum, enough cells are present to accomplish a task that one cell alone cannot perform. Quorum sensing involves the release of specific signal molecules, known as autoinducers, into the environment by bacterial cells. |
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Term
motility and conjugation
biofilm formation and seconary metabolite production
pathogenesis |
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Definition
| Quorum sensing in bacteria is used to control _____. |
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Term
| Typically, these systems involve a sensor kinase, commonly histidine protein kinase (HPK), for detecting the environmental stimulus, and a response regulator (RR) that regulates transcription. |
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Definition
| What are the two types of protein components involved in a two-component regulatory system? What are their roles? |
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Term
Enzymes that are in constant demand.
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Definition
| What types of enzymes are typically constitutively expressed? |
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Term
negative control involves the action of a repressor molecule; positive control does not.
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Definition
| A difference between positive and negative control is |
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Term
Autoinducers are species specific.
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Definition
| In complex microbial communities consisting of many species, how do individual bacteria differentiate among autoinducers? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Quorum sensing is an example of a two-component system. |
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Term
| an inducer molecule binds to the lac repressor molecule. |
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Definition
| In the presence of lactose |
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Term
increase the affinity of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
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Definition
| In positive control, the function of the activator molecule is to |
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Term
a chemical signaling system
individual microbes working cooperatively
the cumulative impact of the response of a large number of individual cells
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Definition
| Quorum sensing is an example of |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Allosteric inhibition is also sometimes referred to as feedback inhibition. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electron transport chain (ETC) or electron transport system is located in the _____ in bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Electrons enter the ETC when NADH transfers them there. |
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Term
| use the energy of the proton motive force to change ADP into ATP. |
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Definition
| The role of ATP synthase is to: |
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Term
| These steps help construct a proton gradient to be used by ATP synthase for ATP production. |
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Definition
| Why are so many small steps required in the ETC to ultimately donate electrons from NADH to oxygen to form water? |
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Term
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Definition
| A facultative aerobe is capable of living with or without oxygen. In conditions where it might need as much ATP as possible, what might it use as a final electron acceptor in its ETC? |
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Term
| Both pathways make ATP using substrate level phosphorylation and construct reduced NADH for use in ETC and ATP production |
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Definition
| What role does glycolysis and the Krebs cycle play in metabolism? |
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Term
glycerol and three fatty acids
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Definition
| A triglyceride is composed of: |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycerol can be converted to: |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins must be broken down into ____ before they can used for energy. |
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Term
movement
secretion
protein synthesis
active transport |
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Definition
| Glucose can be used for _____. |
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Term
| Glycolysis, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain |
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Definition
Select the correct sequence of steps.
Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Electron transport chain, Krebs cycle, Glycolysis
Glycolysis, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
Krebs cycle, Glycolysis, Electron transport chain, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
Glycolysis, Electron transport chain, Krebs cycle, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids are joined by ribosomes to make _______. |
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Term
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Definition
Select the incorrect statement.
Enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes catalyze reactions.
Some enzymes are composed of a protein and non-protein part.
The non-protein part or cofactor can be a metal ion or coenzyme.
None or these choices |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: An enzyme is never consumed in a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anabolism is the production of larger molecules from _____. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anabolism is a series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units. |
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Definition
Select the incorrect definition.
Catabolism and anabolism are examples of metabolic events.
Metabolism defines all the biochemical reactions happening in a living cell.
Anabolism is a series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units.
Anabolism is the synthesis of large molecules, using energy.
Catabolism involves the breakdown of larger molecules to produce energy. |
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Term
| Enzymes enhance reaction rates by lowering the activation energy. This typically occurs when the enzyme binds to the substrate of the reaction and modifies its structure to make it easier for the reaction to go through. |
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Definition
| How do enzymes enhance reaction rates? |
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Term
| All of these statements are correct. |
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Definition
What are cofactors and coenzymes? What are their roles in enzymatic reactions?
Cofactors and coenzymes are chemicals that can be inorganic ions.
Cofactors and coenzymes are chemicals that can be organic molecules.
Cofactors and coenzymes can assist enzymes in their reactions by transferring functional groups.
None of these statements is correct.
All of these statements are correct. |
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Term
| Heterotrophs obtain carbon from inorganic molecules, such as elemental sulfur. |
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Definition
Select the incorrect statement.
Organotrophs remove electrons from organic molecules, such as glucose.
In chemotrophs, the energy is derived from the oxidation of chemical substrates and is termed oxidative phosphorylation.
Phototrophs acquire energy by capturing photons of light to raise electrons to higher energy levels that can drive otherwise unattainable redox reactions.
Heterotrophs obtain carbon from inorganic molecules, such as elemental sulfur.
of these statements are correct. |
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Term
| The plasma membrane of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells is a sufficient barrier to allow a proton motive force to be established. |
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Definition
| How do prokaryal cells establish a proton motive force in the absence of a membrane system like that found in the mitochondria of eukaryal cells? |
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Term
| oxygenic produces oxygen and anoxygenic does not. |
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Definition
| The difference between oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis is |
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Term
| increasing the rate of respiration, thereby consuming more oxygen. |
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Definition
| Nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for fixing dinitrogen, is inhibited by the presence of oxygen, and yet requires the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that generate oxygen by splitting water. Nitrogen fixing organisms solve this problem by |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Substrate level phosphorylation produces ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a reactive intermediate to ADP. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Because fermentation is an anaerobic process, only obligate anaerobes use this pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Some bacteria are capable of aerobic respiration, but ferment instead with the production of large quantities of lactic acid which is then metabolized further to produce ATP. |
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Term
| 2 net, 4 gross ATP per glucose molecule. |
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Definition
| The average net and gross ATP production from the EMP pathway is |
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Term
| the tricarboxycylic acid (TCA) pathway. |
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Definition
All of the following are glycolytic pathways except
the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway.
the pentose phosphate pathway.
the tricarboxycylic acid (TCA) pathway.
the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| In cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation takes place in specialized cells called |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Respiration always uses oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: The proton motive force is created by transporting protons across membranes to establish a concentration gradient. |
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