Term
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Definition
| genetic material and capsid of a virus |
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleocaspid plus the viral envelope |
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Term
| what are the possible shapes of a nucleocaspid |
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Definition
symmetrical: icosahederal or helical
complex |
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Term
| what is a viral envelope made of |
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Definition
| lipid bilayer of the host and viral glycopeoteins |
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Term
| what are the down sides of a virus that needs an envelope |
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Definition
| more susceptible without host to drying and acidity |
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Term
| what are the benifits of being a virus that does not need an envelope |
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Definition
| more resistant to acid, survive better without a host |
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Term
| what are the options for composition and shape of the genetic material in a virus, how many combinations of this can a virus have |
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Definition
DNA, RNA, single stranded, double stranded, circular, linear
they can only be DNA OR RNA, circular OR linear |
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Term
| how does a virus replicate its genetic material and make babies, why does it do it like this |
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Definition
| uses host machines to duplicate the genetic material because it has no reproduction machines, ribosomes, membranes, or enzymes of its own |
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Term
| what is a capsid, where is it located, what is it made of, how is it compositionally organized, what is its function |
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Definition
it is the proteiin coat around the virus made of capsomere proteins that are repeating units because the virus has little genetic material
its job is to attach to host cell receptors |
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Term
| name a bunch of ways viruses can be named and classified (8) |
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Definition
capsid proteins
nucleic acid composition and shape
envelop or none
size
shape
mode of replication and transmission (DNA, +/- RNA)
target host
type of infection
where it was discovered |
|
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Term
| list the virus shapes and an example for each (4) |
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Definition
icosahederal: 20 faces on the capsomere. adenovirus (DNA virus that infects GI and upper respiratory)
complex: pox virus
rotavirus: wheel like (causes watery diarrhea in kids)
corona: club like glycoproteins on the surface (respiratory viruses like SARS) |
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Term
| what is the primary way to identify a virus in clinical situations |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the methods of viral transmission (11): give a few examples for each |
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Definition
aerosol: rhinovirus, influenza
dust: urine, feces
ingested: HepA, norovirus
transplacental: HIV, HepB
sexual: HIV, HPV, HBV, HSV-2
skin contact
organ transplant: CMV, HepC, HIV
injection: HBV, HCV, iV drugs
bites: rabies
trauma
arthropod bite: yello fever, west nile, dengue, encephalitis |
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Term
| what makes viruses host or cell specific |
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Definition
| ability of virus to attach to the cells due to intermolecular forces, interactions between nucleocapsid (in naked virus) and virus membrane (in enveloped virus) with host membrane |
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Term
| what occurs in the eclipse phase |
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Definition
| virus genetic material is in cytoplasm and the virus is no longer infectous, the envelope of capsid has ben shed upon entry |
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Term
| where does viral replication take place, what viruses are exceptions |
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Definition
| in the nucleus except pox and rabies which is in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| define trophism, where might it take place for example |
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Definition
virus travels to preferred tissue
some viruses replicate and remain at site (rotavirus in the GI)
some viruses replicate and disseminate |
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Term
| give examples of viruses that replicate and disseminate and their locations |
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Definition
viremia: measles travels from URT to skin to CNS
HIV: macrophage takes it to lymph then CD4 to CNS
rabies: skin to peripherial neuron to CNS |
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Term
| when a virus gets up to the cell how does it attach, what receptors |
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Definition
| viral glycoproteins attach to cell membrane salic acid receptors then penetrates with fusion proteins, shedding capsid |
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Term
| explain how retroviral genetic material is replicated |
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Definition
+ssRNA and viral reverse transcriptase make -ssDNA
-ssDNA is duplicated with cellular DNA polymerase to dsDNA
dsDNA is integrated into host genome
host polymerase makes mRNA which causes translation |
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Term
| explain how a dsDNA virus replicates its genetic material |
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Definition
| host polymerase turns dsDNA into mRNA which causes translation |
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Term
| explain how a RNA virus relicates its genetic materal |
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Definition
viral polymerase turns RNA into mRNA
if mRNA is positive it can proceede to translation
if mRNA is negative a viral RNA polymerase makes a positive mRNA from it then it goes to translation |
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Term
| what is the order viral proteins are made in |
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Definition
1: enzymes and regulatory molecules for nucleic acid replication
2: proteins for capsid formation
3: genetic material |
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Term
| oh no. the virus is simple and can only make one protein... how will it make all of the parts of the babies?? |
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Definition
| its ok. the one protein is made in the ribosome of the host then proken apart into the many proteins needed |
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Term
| explain how budding works |
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Definition
envelope proteins and glycoproteins are made and inserted into the host membrane
nucleocapsid associates with membrane glycoproteins
host enzymes cleave membrane
virus acquires host membrane envelope |
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Term
| what glycoproteins does a budding virus make |
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Definition
| hemagglutinin and neuraminidase |
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Term
| why does a budding virus suck even more for the cell |
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Definition
| insertion of viral molecules into the membrane, pre budding, causes the cell to be antigenically different allowing immune response |
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Term
| what types of viruses replicate via lysis |
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Definition
| naked ones that kill cells |
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Term
| what are the different types of viral infection (4) |
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Definition
| lytic, persistant, latent/incubation, transofrmative |
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Term
| what is a lytic infection, what type of virus may do this |
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Definition
causes cell lysis upon release of replicated virons
polio |
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Term
| what is a persistant infection, why can this type be sacary |
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Definition
cell remains alive and releases particles at a slow rate
someone can be a symptomless carrier and be passing around the disease |
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Term
| what is a latent infection? how does it work? what viruses do this? |
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Definition
genetic material hides in cytoplasm or genome
replication is slow so immune system dosent react
stress enhances the replication, then the immune system responds |
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Term
| define a transformative virus infection |
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Definition
| virus transforms host cell into milignant cell by changing morphology or cell chemistry |
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Term
| why do the changes in a transformative infection cause milignancy |
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Definition
interfere with regulation of division or promote growth
cells divide or arregrate |
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Term
| what are examples of viruses that can cause a transformative infection (10) |
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Definition
human T cell lymphotrophic virus type 1
epstin-barr virus
HPV 16, 18, 31, 45
HepB
HepC
adenovirus
HVB
ECV
HCV
HHV-8 |
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Term
| explain the two MOA transformative viruses use to cause milignancy |
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Definition
direct mechanism: expression of viral oncogenes that transform cells
indirect mechanism: chronically infect cells causing inflammation and mutations, production of proteins causes oncogenic mutations |
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Term
| oncogenes: where do they come from and what evidence is there for their origin, why did god invent them initially |
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Definition
come from virus or host. introns suggest they originated in the host
origional oncogenes in the host (protoncogenes) code for growth factors for development and such but are supposed to be turned off or controlled |
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Term
| how do oncogenes cause milignancy (3) |
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Definition
when inserted into the genome the genes around them become uncontrolled
can inhibit growth regulator p53
can inhibit apoptosis |
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Term
| how are oncogenes transmitted (2 main methods) |
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Definition
vertical: mother to offspring via gametes, placenta, or milk
horizontal: saliva, urine, etc |
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Term
| how do viruses effect the body |
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Definition
protein synthesis
synctia: fusion of cells
cytoskeleton disruption
DNA synthesis inhibition
inclusion body firmation
activate apoptosis
inhibit apoptosis
prodromal effects
immune response damage
cytotoxicity
neurological symptoms
chronic infection
congenital infection |
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Term
| what viruses cause chronic and congenital infections |
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Definition
congenital: parovirus B19, rubella, CMV
chronic: HBV, HCV, HIV |
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Term
| what viruses cause neurological symptoms |
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Definition
encaphalitis: rabies, west nile, EEE
lower motor neuron: polio |
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Term
| what viruses cause cytotoxicity |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what viruses cause immune response damage, specifically what damage |
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Definition
measles
chicken pox
chronic hepatitis: chirrosis
loss of CD4: HIV
abnormal B cells: epstein barr
splenomeagly: epstein barr
development of immunity: measles
dengue hemorrhagic fever |
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Term
| what are prodromal effects, give an example |
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Definition
inflammatory response via cytokines
headachem body ache, chills
influenze: cough, fever, congestion, gastroenteritis |
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Term
| how can you block attachment of a viral capsid |
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Definition
| neutralize the antibodies on its surface |
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Term
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Definition
| block uncoating of enterovirus, treats influenza |
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Term
| what does neuraminidase do |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does interferon alpha beta do |
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Definition
| stops protein synthesis in viruses |
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Term
| what antivirals stop viral polymerase (protease inhibitors) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what antiviral nucleotide analogs are there,how do they work, what viruses do they target |
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Definition
target nucleic acid synthesis from viral nucleic acid template
acyclovir: HSV, VSV
grancyclovir: CMV
ravavirinL RSV, parainfluenza |
|
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Term
| what drugs are reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
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Term
| what does the invluenza antiviral drugs target |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how do HIV antivirals work |
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Definition
fusion inhibitor: peptide interferes with gp41
RSV: activates F protein |
|
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Term
| wha are some innate host defenses (5) |
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Definition
| skin, mucosa, pH, tears, salts/bile |
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Term
| what are the types of vaccine, give examples for each |
|
Definition
killed: influenza, salk polio, Hav
attenuated: measles, mumps, rubella
subunit: HBV |
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Term
| how do macrophages find viruses |
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Definition
| macrophages target dsRNA and viral DNA |
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Term
| what cytokines find viruses |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what interferons find viruses, what do they do to them |
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Definition
alpha and beta, stop protein synthesis
gamma activates t and NK cells |
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Term
| when IgG finds a virus, what happens next |
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Definition
| allows NK Fc receptors to attach signaling apoptosis |
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Term
| how does CD8 cause apoptosis |
|
Definition
| perforins and granzymes activate capsases |
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