Pheonol & Phenolics

Phenol (carbolic acid): irritating, not used much anymore

Phenolics (derivatives of phenol) contain a molecule that has been chemically altered to reduce its irritating qualitites or increase its antibacterial activity in comvination w/ a soap or detergent.

phenolics: injure lipid-containg plasma membrane, causing leakage of cellular contents.useful against mycobacteria (tuberculosis & leprosy). recain active in presence of organic compounds, are stable, persist for long periods after application.

bisphenols

contain 2 phenolic groups connected by a bridge.

hexachlorophene: pHisoHex (lotion) used for surgical & hospital microbial control. Gram + staphylococci & streptococci are susceptible.

triclosan: ingredient in antibacterial soaps. inhibits an enzyme needed for the biosynthesis of fatty acids which mainly affects the integrity of hte plasma membrane. Great against gram +, works well against yeasts a& gram-.

broad spectrum of activity

mode of action primarily affecting bacterial cell membranes.

most effective against gram + 

chlorhexidine

alexidine

Halogens

iodine

chlorine

iodine

tincture: in solution in aqueous alcohol

iodophor: combination of iodine & organic molecule which I2 is released slowly.

iodine: impairs protein synthesis & alters cell membranes by forming complexes w/ amino acids & unsaturated fatty acids.

photoautotroph-light source of energy, CO2 source of Carbon, H2O electron donor

lithotroph-use of an inorganic compound as a source of energy, CO2=carbon source, electron donor

lithotroph-protein motive force drives synthesis of ATP

photoautotroph-produce ATP through photophosphorylation of organic compounds

photo- anabolically, photosynthesis

litho-inorganic oxidation

fixation of CO2-stroma (The supportive framework of an organ (or gland or other structure), usually composed of connective tissue)

denitrification

iron oxidation

sulfur-oxidizing: electron donor & energy needed, ATP consumed

nitrate-reducing: facultative anarobes, produce ATP, use ETC

bacteria: 1 photosystem, H2X, membrane bound, cyclic, NADPH, anoxygenic

green: 2 photo system, H2O, membrane bound, non-cyclic, NADPH, oxygenic

purple: H2, H2S, S

green: H2, H2S, S

anaerobic b/c don't need O2 as electron acceptor & have organic donor, 

chemoautotroph b/c organic C source

1: carbon cycle: methylotrophs, methanogens

2: nitrogen cycle: N2 fixation, ammonification

3: sulfur cycle

anaerobic & aerobic processes in cycles

carbon cycle

1: aerobe: respiration (CH2O to CO2), photosynthesis (CO2 to CH2O), methylotrophs (CH4 to CO2)

2: anaerobe: anaerobic respiration/fermentation (CH2) to CO2) bacterial photosynthesis (CO2 to CH2O), methanogens (CO2 to CH4)

anaerobic & aerobic processes in cycles

nitrogen cycle

1: aerobe: nitrification (NH3 to NO2 -), 

2: anaerobe: N2 fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification

anaerobic & aerobic processes in cycles

sulfur cycle

1: aerobic: desulfurylation, sulfate reduction

2: anaerobic: desulphurylation, sulfate reduction

sludge digester: produce methane from waste. layers=CH4, scum, supernatant, actively digesting sludge, stabilized sludge; producer=H2, CO2, acetate, formate

*carbon cycle

Winodgradsky column: biogeochemical system. layers=O2, H2O, photosynthetic bacteria, CO2 + H2S, disulfibrio, lactic acid, anaerobic baceria, mud

disimilatory (ex nitrate respiration & N2 fixation) use the subtrates to as a place to dump ilectrons & generate energy

assimilatory: mehtods for taking a nutrient in the sould, making it into cell & using it for biosynthesis of macromolecules

readily available

inexpensive

chemically stable

easily administered

nontoxic and nonallergenic

selectively toxic against a broad range of pathogens

static: antimicrobials that inhibit microbial growth w/o killing

cidal: kill microbes

lytic: kill microbes by lysing

the inhibitying or killing of m.o by use of very small amounts of chemical substancce

metal ions

what kind of agents are

betadine

zephiran

mercurachorme

merthiolate

triclosan

chlorinedioxide

betadine: provide one iodine topical antiseptics antiseption (PVP)

zephiran: benzalkonium chloride

mercurochrome: merbromin

triclosan: polychlorophnoxyphenol

chlorinedioxide: disinfectant

2

moist heat (steam, autoclave) 

dry heat

past. is carried out for prolonged time @ 170 deg and is supposed to kill only heat susceptible organisms and their spores

ster. works at a temp of 250 deg & kills all mo

1: vat pasteurization: heat milk in large tank for at least 30 min

2: high temp short time pasteurization (HTST): higher temp (101 deg) for less time (15 sec) and rapid cooling

1: UV: lamps used to sterilize workspaces, germicidal wavelengths causes adjacent thymine molecules on DNA, inhibits DNA replication

2: Gamma radiation: ionizing energy, low penetration + high dose rates, alters chemical bonds

staphylococcus aureaus

bacillus cereus

streptomyces griseus

organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development of organism

pigment: distinction

antibiotics

morphine: pain control

tetrodotoxin: poison

cell wall: phenols

cell membrane: alcohols

proteins: heavy metals

mucleic acid: gluteraldehyde

amino acids: formaldehyde

synthetic antibiotic

mech of action, combo

antibiotic resistance, side effects, super bugs

after animals have been fed antibiotics over a period of time, they retain the strain of bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics. these bacteria proliferate in the animals. bacteria resistant transfer to humans

1: penicillinase emersed as defense mechanisms in habitat

2: innapropriate prescription of antibiotics

What are MRSA & 

VRE

MRSA: methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

VRE: vancomycin-resistant enterococc

hospital MRSA: troublesome in hospitas, passable w/ open wound and weak immune system

community: MRSA infections in healthy people who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis or surgery) within the past year.

decrease sufrace tension among molecules of a liquid

soaps and detergents