Term
| Citrate utilization product |
|
Definition
| alkaline NH3 - citrate slant changes from green to blue due to rise in pH |
|
|
Term
| citrate utilization indicator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate fermentation and gas production is done in what media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate fermentation and gas production result |
|
Definition
| changes from green to yellow due to decrease in pH |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate fermentation and gas production indicator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 tests for nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
| Citrate Utilization and Carbohydrate fermentation/Gas Production |
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|
Term
| Indole Production tests for the presence of what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the intermediate metabolite in the breakdown of tryptophan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indole production test indicator and product? |
|
Definition
| Kovac's reagent - red color = pos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mix acid production from glucose fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turns red at pH below 4.4 |
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|
Term
| MR test has a small/large acid:alcohol ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR test has what kind of Co2/H2 ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 tests for metabolic intermediates or end products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VP test indicates what 3 things? |
|
Definition
| butanediol fermentation, glucose fermentation, acetoin |
|
|
Term
| the VP test has a small/large acid:alcohol ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The VP test has a small/large Co2/H2 ratio - what does that mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test uses the MR-VP medium to which you add Barritts A and B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bromo blue turns from green to ___ when pH is increased and to ___ when it is decreased? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The citrate utilization test detects what? |
|
Definition
| if a microorganism uses citrate as the sole source of carbon |
|
|
Term
| the citrate utilization test uses ___ as the nitrogen source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate fermentation could also be called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fermentation is ___ production |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 tests for the presence of specific enzymes |
|
Definition
| oxidase, catalase, urease, cysteine desulferase |
|
|
Term
| the oxidase test determines if organisms have what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are hemoproteins that accept electrons from electron donors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the oxidase test uses ___ as an artificial electron donor |
|
Definition
| p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride |
|
|
Term
| The catalase test detects ____, which does what? |
|
Definition
| catalase - converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What 2 oxygen requirements usually have catalase? |
|
Definition
| facultative and obligate aerobes |
|
|
Term
| The urease test detects what? |
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism to hydrolyze urea |
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|
Term
| The Cysteine Desulferase test detects what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are bacterial viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential constituents for bacteriophages |
|
Definition
| nucleic acids and proteins |
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|
Term
| basic structure of a phage |
|
Definition
| capsid or shell encloses the nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA) |
|
|
Term
| 2 major characteristics of phages |
|
Definition
| possesses their own genetic material which, inside a host cell, behaves as part of the cell :: possesses an extracellular infective state (virions) that are produced in the cell under genetic control of the virus itself and serve as vehicles for introducing the virus to other cells |
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|
Term
| a clear spot on a bacterial lawn that contains no bacteria because all the cells have been lysed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helical (spring), polyhedral (many-sided), binal (polhedral head with helical tail) |
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|
Term
| In a binal phage, where is the nucleic acid located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of phages affect E. coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar in genetic and serological properties - the pyrimidine 5-hydroxymethylcytosine replaces regular cytosine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| resembles the Teven phages but has regular cytosine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| serologically and genetically unrelated to each other and to all other phages |
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|
Term
| 4 stages of phage infection |
|
Definition
| adsorption to specific receptor sites on bacterial cells :: penetration of phage nucleic acid into bacterial host :: intracellular development and phage replication, biosynthesis of phage dna into host cell's metabolism :: maturation and release by lysis |
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|
Term
| a phage-host interaction where the nucleic acid persists in the host for many cell generations w/o causing lysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteriophages that can cause lysogeny are called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial hosts that lysogeny happens in are called |
|
Definition
| lysogeic strains or lysogens |
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|
Term
| a latent, non-infectious form of the temperate phage in lysogenic bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the one-step growth curve of phages (actually 3 stages) |
|
Definition
| latent period (low plateau), rise in plaque (lysis), final plateau (completion of lysis) |
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|
Term
| average yield of phages per infected bacterium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plateau plaque count/latent period plaque count |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| T=NDP -- plaque forming units per mL of phage suspension |
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|
Term
| bacteriophages are ____-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purpose of bacteriophage typing |
|
Definition
| can delineate different strains of the same species of bacteria based on their susceptibility to various kinds of phages |
|
|
Term
| 4 phages of bacterial growth curve |
|
Definition
| lag phase, log phase, stationary, death |
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|
Term
| characteristics of lag phase (bacterial) |
|
Definition
| very little or no cell division, intense metabolic activity |
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|
Term
| characteristics of log phase |
|
Definition
| cells are most active metabolically |
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|
Term
| characteristics of stationary phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of death phase |
|
Definition
| period where the number of deaths exceeds number of new cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiotic organism that infects the root hairs of legumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| makes nitrogen that is available to plants, enriches soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms that live together in a particular environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have a bacterium that is susceptible to T-coliphages, what is the likely identity of your bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 enzymes invovled in nitrogen fixation |
|
Definition
| nitrogenase and transaminases |
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|
Term
| final end products of nitrogen fixation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiotic relationship in which the microorganism benefits and the host isn't affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiotic relationship in which both the host and the microorganism benefit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiotic relationship in which the microorganism benefits at the expense of the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps in identifying an unknown bacteria |
|
Definition
| obtain a pure culture, gram stain, biochemical tests, use Bergey's manual to ID |
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|
Term
| what is special about a dsTSB tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do we use dsTSB for gram stains, and why is it important? |
|
Definition
| need a fresh 18-36 hr culture bc old gram + bacteria may appear as gram - due to lack of nutrients |
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|
Term
| nitrogen fixation makes ___ from ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 free living bacteria that fix nitrogen |
|
Definition
| azotobacter and cyanobacter |
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|
Term
| Staph or strep? irregular clusters of round off white/golden colonies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? tolerant of high salt |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? saprophytes and parasites of skin and mucus membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? catalase positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? facultative anaerobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic staph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test differentiates between pathogenic and non-pathogenic staph? |
|
Definition
| coagulase - pathogenic is pos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| s. epi and s. saprophyticus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrinogen --> fibrin --> clots plasma |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of s. aureus |
|
Definition
| wound infections, pneumonia, tss, food poisoning |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of s. saprophyticus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? more fastidious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? gram pos chains/pairs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what group of strep is resistant to salt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staph or strep? hemolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of hemolysis partially lyses RBCs and makes a green pigment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of hemolysis fully lyses all RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you differentiate between alpha and weak beta hemolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extracellular enzymes produced by pathogenic bacteria to lyse RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antigens located on the cell wall of strep. monoclonal antibodies detect any presence of a beta-hemolytic strep group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s. pyogenes causes ____, what group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group ___ strep causes impetigo, acute encarditis, meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group ___ causes less serious infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enterococci subacute endocarditis, meningitis, and UTIs -- what group strep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ group strep are alpha hemolytic opportunists - can ause serious illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most frequent cause of bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are novobiocin positive (sensitive) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are novobiocin negative (resistant) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are mannitol positive (fermenters) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bile solubility test selects against ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is sensitive to optochin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| group ___ strep is sensitive to SXT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group ___ strep is sensitive to bacitracin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group ___ strep is sensitive to the CAMP test, what is the result? |
|
Definition
| B - beta hemolysis of arrowhead clearing |
|
|
Term
| Group ___ srep is the only group that will grow in bile-esculin medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sodium chloride test identifies group ___ enterococci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of strep shows a-hemolysis and SXT sensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ media have ingredients designed to elicit a specific biochemical or physiological response and allow us to differentiate groups of organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MacConkey agar is used to show ____, results? |
|
Definition
| lactose fermentation, pink/red colonies |
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|
Term
| MSA agar tests for? results? |
|
Definition
| mannitol fermentation -- yellow |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose, lactose, sucrose fermentation (yellow) and H2S (black precipitate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lactose fermentation - black colonies |
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|
Term
| 5 types of differential media |
|
Definition
| macconkey, bile-esculin, msa, tsi, emb |
|
|
Term
| components that inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria and select for resistnat bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selenite broth selects for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MacConkey agar selects for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 types of selective media |
|
Definition
| EMB, MSA, Selenite broth, SS agar, MacConkey |
|
|
Term
| ___ agar identifies slow lactose fermenters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ agar selects for alkaline reversion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indole, MR, VP, inorganic citrate |
|
|
Term
| The enterotube II is especially designed for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs used to treat infectious diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of anitmicrobial that is derived from living organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would an organism be considered resistant to an antibiotic even though there is some inhibition? |
|
Definition
| because it takes a greater than therapeutic concentration to inhibit it |
|
|
Term
| a ___ is a pattern of resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| downsides of KB disk test |
|
Definition
| does not determine if the drug is bacteriostatic or bacteriolytic |
|
|
Term
| 7 things that affect the size of the zone of inhibition of antibiotics in the KB test |
|
Definition
| sensitivity of the organism :: molecular size and concentration of the agent :: density of culture :: rate of diffusion of the agent :: size of the innoculum :: time and temp of incubation :: interatctions between antibiotic and medium |
|
|
Term
| The ____ is a reference used to adjust bacterial density and standardize KB tests |
|
Definition
| MacFarland Standard Concentration |
|
|
Term
| ___ method is a serial two-fold dilution of antimicrobial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lowest concentraiton that prevents visible growth, but doesn't kill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowest concentration that prevents visible growth AND induces killing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agar used for standardized kirby-bauer tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenic staph is mannitol (- or +) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate between non-pathogenic staph? |
|
Definition
| novobiocin (s. epi is pos, s. sap is neg) |
|
|
Term
| 2 groups of strep that are not in the classic groups (ABCD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ causes typhoid fever and enteric fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ causes plague and enterocolitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coliforms/non-coliforms can ferment lactose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all pathogenic enterics are coliforms/non-coliforms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 opportunistic enterics that cause acute gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ causes infant diarrhea and motezuma's revenge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cephalosporiums and penicilliums |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacillus and streptomyces |
|
|
Term
| Small molecule antibiotics |
|
Definition
| penicillin and ampicillin |
|
|
Term
| large molecule antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is always bigger, MBC or MIC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is growing on EMB agar, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is growing on MSA agar, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is growing in selenite broth, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is growing in SS agar, what two things could it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is growing on MacConkey agar, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the fermenting chambers of the enterotube, any partial color changes should be recorded as ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EMB agar differentiates ____ by? and selects for ___. |
|
Definition
| lactose fermenters ... pink for weak ferementers and metallic green for strong fermenters --- selects for gram - |
|
|
Term
| gram pos is what color? gram neg is what color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is sensitive to bacitracin but resistant to SXT... which makes it group ___ strep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is resistant to bacitracin, optochin, and SXT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ferments mannitol? s. epi or s. aureus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strep pneumoniae are in purple diplococci, whereas regular strep is in chains or pairs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| salt tolerance in a tube = turbidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strep faecalis is group ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| staph occurs in tiny purple clusters, can hardly tell they're clusters |
|
Definition
|
|
