Term
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Definition
| population of bacteria that normally reside in or on host (microbiome) |
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Term
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Definition
almost always found in high numbers in a particular site
low virulence potential |
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Term
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Definition
nearly always present, but in low numbers
can become indigenous if environment changes |
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Term
| indigenous flora of oral cavity |
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Definition
dominated by aerotolerant and strict anaerobic bacteria
both gram positive and gram negative |
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Term
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Definition
| may or may not be present at any given time |
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Term
| ecological niches of oral cavity |
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Definition
buccal epithelium
dorsum of tongue
supragingival tooth surfaces
subgingival tooth surfaces |
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Term
| flora of buccal epithelium |
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Definition
| mostly gram positive aerotolerant anaerobes (streptococci) |
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Term
| flora of dorsum of tongue |
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Definition
mostly streptococci (esp. Streptococcus salivarius)
highly palpated surface produces anaerobic micro-environments (more strict anaerobes on tongue than buccal surfaces) |
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Term
| flora of supragingival surfaces |
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Definition
| mostly aerotolerant anaerobes (usually not Streptococcus salivarius) |
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Term
| flora of subgingival surfaces |
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Definition
| bathed in crevicular fluid, so essentially anaerobic |
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Term
| oxygen tension within the oral cavity |
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Definition
buccal/palatal mucosa and dorsum of tongue are essentially aerobic
supragingival plaques an be either...aerobic initially and more anaerobic if allowed to grow for 3-5 days
subgingival pocket is anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
| both host and bacteria benefit |
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Term
| commensalistic relationship |
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Definition
| bacteria neither harm nor help the host |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria benefits and host is harmed |
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Term
| biofilm formation stage 1 |
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Definition
pellicle formation
forms immediately on a cleaned tooth surface |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of salivary glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, and lipids that coats the surface of teeth and gums |
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Term
| biofilm formation stage 2 |
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Definition
initial adherence
bacteria begin to adhere to the pellicle on the tooth surface via adhesins within 0-4 hours of cleaning teeth |
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Term
| biofilm formation stage 3 |
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Definition
aggregation
4-24 hours after cleaning, bacteria begin to adhere to one another via intercellular adhesins |
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Term
| biofilm formation stage 4 |
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Definition
| after 24 hours there is a tremendous increase in species diversity within biofilm ("climax community") |
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Term
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Definition
| the adherence of one bacterial species to a different species |
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Term
| biofilm formation stage 5 |
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Definition
dispersal
some bacterial species produce enzymes so that they can leave the biofilm to move to a new location |
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Term
| therapeutic approaches to combat oral biofilms |
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Definition
1. physical removal (brushing and flossing)
2. direct administration of disinfectants/antimicrobials (flouride and ethanol)
3. colonization with a "safe" strain of S. mutans
4. vaccination |
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Term
| bacteria associated with dental plaque |
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Definition
| Actinomyces and streptococci |
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Term
| bacteria associated with periodontal disease |
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Definition
| Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, Wolinella |
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Term
| salivary flow within oral cavity |
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Definition
unstimulated - 0.32 mL/min
stimulated - 1.7 mL/min |
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Term
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Definition
| acid-loving bacteria that are able to grow in low pH environments |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that produce acid |
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Term
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Definition
gram-positive bacilli
anaerobic (aerotolerant)
catalase negative
fermentative metabolism
acidogenic/aciduric |
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Term
| lactobacilli and dental caries |
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Definition
historically connected to caries
when present in saliva, it is an indicator of carb intake (which is related to cariogenic activity)
factor of progression, not initiation |
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Term
| most clinically significant bacteria are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when multiple species of bacteria act synergistically to cause disease |
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Term
| cell structure of gram-negative bacteria |
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Definition
2 membranes! (outer and cytoplasmic)
LPS layer (bound to outer membrane)
very thin peptidoglycan layer
perplasmic space btw the 2 membranes |
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Term
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Definition
makes the cell relatively impermeable
contribes to the structural integrity of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of an O antigen, core region, and Lipid A |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer, highly variable |
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Term
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Definition
interface of LPS with membrane composed of rare sugars
not found anywhere else in the biological world |
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Term
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Definition
embeds and anchors the LPS into the outer membrane
undergoes hydrophobic reactions to keep it intact
toxic part of the LPS |
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Term
| physiological response to LPS |
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Definition
fever (pyrogenic cytokines)
neutropenia
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - clotting/occlusion
hypotension
vascular collapse
only causes problems when cell is lysed b/c LPS is embedded in membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of Porphyromas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola (all of which produce powerful proteases & other destructive enzymes that contribute to periodontal disease) |
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Term
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Definition
normal flora
obligate anaerobe
opportunistic (periodontal, abscesses, abdominal infections, endocarditis)
atypical LPS - no endotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
normal flora
anaerobe
capsule - causes abscesses
oral/pulmonary infections |
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Term
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Definition
normal flora
anaerobe
chronic ulcerative lesions
Vincent's disease (pharynx) |
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Term
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Definition
normal flora
facultative anaerobe
fist fight injuries, abscesses, endocarditis, human bites, oral trauma
pit formation on blood plates |
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Term
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Definition
obligate aerobe
temperature tolerant
can utilize most organic compounds
opportunistic (hospitals, burn patients, CF) |
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Term
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Definition
Legionnaires disease
aerobic
aerosol transmission
man-made water environments
associates with amoebae
pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
whooping cough
aerosol transmission
most prominent in neonates/infants
B. parapertussis - milder form |
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Term
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Definition
catarrhal
paroxysmal
convalescent |
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Term
| catarrhal stage of whooping cough |
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Definition
non-specific respiratory infection that progressively worsens
most infectious stage
transition from non-productive cough, to productive |
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Term
| paraxysmal stage of whooping cough |
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Definition
| paroxyms (40-50 per day) - causes vomiting, hemorrhaging, hernia, pneumothorax |
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Term
| convalescent stage of whooping cough |
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Definition
prolonged, secondary infections
pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy |
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Term
| virulence factors of whooping cough |
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Definition
FHA - afimbrial adhesion (ciliated mucosal cells and PMNs)
pili/fimbriae - correlates with max infectivity
pertussis toxin - ADP ribosylation of GI protein leads to uncontrolled cAMP production
DTaP vaccine - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis |
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Term
| characteristics of all staphylococci |
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Definition
gram-positive cocci
form clusters
facultatively anaerobic
catalase positive (bubbles form upon addition of H2O2) |
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Term
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Definition
coagulase positive
can ferment mannitol
nasal carriage protein A, cytotoxins, superantigens, toxic shock, enterotoxins
wound infections, abscesses, skin infections, osteomyelities, endocarditis, septecemia
nosocomial infection, penicillin-resistant, methicillin-resistant |
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Term
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Definition
coagulase negative, novobiocin sensitive
normal skin flora
blood culture contaminant
opportunisitic pathogen
hospital associated infections
slime |
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Term
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Definition
coagulase negative, novobiocin resistant
UTI's in young sexually active women |
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Term
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Definition
group A strep: beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive
pharyngitis, possible scarlet fever & strawberry tongue, skin infections, TSS
sequelae of rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease (predisposes for endocarditis), glomerulonephritis
M protein: multiple antigen types, important virulence factor |
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Term
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Definition
| Group B strep: cAMP+, hippurate hydrolysis, neonatal & postpartum infectinos |
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Term
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Definition
alpha hemolytic, diplococcus, quelling reaction, optochin, bile
pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis
capsule with 90 stereotypes |
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Term
| Enterococcus faecalis, faecium |
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Definition
group D strep: salt, bile - esculin, GI tract, UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, endodontic infections
highly antibiotic |
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Term
| Strep mutans/Strep sanguinis |
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Definition
Viridans strep = oral strep: alpha hemolytic
endocarditis
mutans = caries = polymer formation from sucrose, acid production, and acid tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
gram-positive bacteria
most non-acid fast
distinctive due to filamentous nature
resemble fungi
can be gram stained (irregular, beaded, branching) |
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Term
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Definition
most common pathogen and only species to produce sulfur granules
found at an increased incidence in plaque, calculus, and tonsillar crypts |
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Term
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Definition
colonize teeth
induce periodontal lesions and gingivitis |
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Term
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Definition
colonize tongue
can be found in plaque |
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Term
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Definition
| isolated from carious dentin |
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Term
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Definition
gram-positive cocci
normal flora of mucocutaneous surfaces
often found in necrotic pulp tissue
usually associated with oral trauma or diseased gums
A. magnus is most common |
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Term
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Definition
most commonly found in respiratory tracts
often recovered from subcutaneous and soft tissue abscesses
associated with diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
synthesized in response to nutritional depletion
resistant to desiccation, heat and chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
single or paired gram-positive bacilli
non-motile
aerobic sporeformer
catalase positive
polypeptide capsule embedded in virulence plasmid
antiphagocytic
2 toxins made up of 3 proteins (PA, LF, EF)
toxin causes increase in vascular permeability
usually a disease of herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
caused by exotoxin
inhalation anthrax (Woolsorter's disease) - spore germinates in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
activity
protease that cleaves MAPKK |
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Term
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Definition
activity
andeylate cyclase |
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Term
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Definition
LF+PA
cell death and necrosis (by MAPKK) |
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Term
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Definition
EF+PA
edema nad swelling
electrolyte imbalance - adenylate cyclase leads to cAMP accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
sporulating rods
anaerobic
catalase negative |
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Term
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Definition
tennis racket appearance
gram-positive, but sometimes stains gram-negative
tetanospasmin - muscle spasms b/c toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
treatment = vaccine, penicillin |
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Term
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Definition
subterminal spore
botulinum toxins - block neurotransmission at peripheral synapses by preventing release of acetylcholine (flaccid paralysis)
food-bourne
infant botulism - floppy baby syndrome
treatment = antitoxin |
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Term
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Definition
enterotoxin causes diarrhea
myonecrosis (gas gangrene) - enzymes and toxins that degrade tissue - very rapid
treatment = wound care, removal of devitalized tissues |
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Term
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Definition
non-sporulating gram-positive rods
irregulary stains with dyes (metachromatic granules)
obligate aerobe
no capsule |
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Term
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Definition
diphtheria toxin = ADP ribosyltransferase
toxin arrests protein synthesis in mammalian cells by irreversible ADP ribosylation and inactivation of EF-2 (NAD+)
maintained in population by asymptomatic carriage in oropharynx or on skin of immune people
treatment = vaccine, antitoxin |
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Term
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Definition
gram-negative diplococci
non-motile
aerobic/facultatively anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
obligate human pathogen
gram-negative
oxidase positive
virulence factors:
polysaccharide capsule
LOS - endotoxin
pilus - adherence
opacity proteins
IgA protease
receptors for iron uptake
diagnosis = intracellular gram negative diplocacci within PNMs - presumptive positive
treatment = antibiotic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
gram-negative
oxidase positive
no polysaccharide capsule
antigens = pili, opa, porin, LOS, IgA protease, receptors for iron uptake
treatment = extended spectrum cephalosporins (only treatment choice due to resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
lack metabolic pathways to generate high-energy phosphate compounds - energy parasites
exists in 2 forms - infectious elementary bodies (EB), and noninfectious reticulate bodies (RB) |
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Term
| infectious elementary bodies (EB) of Chlamydiae |
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Definition
dispersal form that is analogous to a spore
very small - induces own endocytosis into host cell
once inside phagosome, EBs converted to RBs for reproduction |
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Term
| noninfectious reticulate bodies (RB) of Chlamydiae |
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Definition
capable of binary fission
detected as an inclusion in the cell
RBs transform back into EBs
host cells lyse and EBs are released |
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Term
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Definition
transmitted by close personal contact
most common cause of sexually transmitted disease in the US
co-infection with N. gonorrhoeae is common |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted person-to-person by aerosols |
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Term
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Definition
parrot flu
infects birds and many mammals
transmitted to humans by inhalation of bird feces |
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Term
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Definition
trachoma - infections in children transmitted eye-to-eye
chlamydial STD - most common bacterial STD in US |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphogranuloma venereum - more prevalent in Africa, Asia, South America |
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Term
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Definition
smallest free living organism
pleomorphic (coccoid, star, filamentous)
lack peptidoglycan
require complex media for growth (peptone, yeast, serum, cholesterol) |
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Term
| pathogenic mycoplasma species |
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Definition
M. pneumoniae - primary (atypical) pneumoniae
Ureaplasma urealyticum - nongonococcal urethritis and PID |
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Term
| bacteria associated with enamel caries |
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Definition
smooth surface: S. mutans/S. salivarius
pit & fissure: S. mutans |
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Term
| bacteria associated with dentin caries |
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Definition
| anaerobes dominate (lactobacilli and actinomycetes) |
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Term
| bacteria associated with root caries |
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Definition
| anaerobes (actinomycetes) |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of acid in caries (lactic acid from lactobacilli and acids from streptococci can dimineralize the enamel) |
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Term
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Definition
gram-negative
anaerobic cocci
abundant in supragingival plaque
require lactate for growth (from other organisms)
beneficial (protective) effect on dental caries |
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