Term
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Definition
Genes that control the activation of Helper T-Cells
Discriminate self from non-self |
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Term
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Definition
caused by Togavirus
Mild, childhood disease
Not dangerous to fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that causes gangrene |
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Term
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Definition
Genes that control the ability to generate cell-mediated functions
Enable body to recognize infected cells and tumor cells with CTL's |
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Term
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Definition
Serious cause of meningitis
Streptococcus |
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Term
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Definition
Genes that are involved in the production of components of the complement system
Involved in anti-body response |
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Term
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Definition
Neisseria meningitides/meningococcus
gram negative, encapsulated, diplococcus
Meningococcemia= rapidly fatal septicemia |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by cytomegalovirus
Among most common disease in US
fever, malaise, enlarged spleen |
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Term
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Definition
Some accompanied with sever hemorrhagic lesions
Lasa Fever
Marburg Disease
Ebola hemorrhagic fever=ebola virus
Hentavirus Pulmonary Syndrome= hentavirus |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by Rotavirus
Severe childhood diarrhea
Can be caused by coxsackie virus
"24 hour flu"
Endoviruses can be involved |
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Term
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Definition
Neurotropic viral disease
Caused by series of Togaviruses
Transmitted by mosquitoes
Sudden high fever and severe headache
May lead to convulsion and coma |
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Term
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Definition
One of the most dangerous fungus affecting lungs and meninges
Crytptococcus neoformans=yeast found in soil and bird droppings
Transmitted by inhalation
Has large gelatinous capsule that is antiphagocytic |
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Term
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Definition
Candida albicans: present on skin, mouth, vagina and GI tract
Small yeast that will overgrow in compromised host
Causes Vulvovaginitis in females
Thrush= in oral cavity; common congenital disease in newborns |
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Term
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Definition
Little is know about this immungoglobulin
Low concentrations
early receptor on B-cells |
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Term
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Definition
Major role in dangerous allergic reactions
Low concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
Serum from this anti-body is a monomer in blood
Polymer secretions in GI tract and respiratory tree
Passive transfer in mother's milk |
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Term
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Definition
Longest lasting anti-body
Principle anti-body in memory
Only class to cross placenta= passive immunity
Active Complement |
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Term
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Definition
First to appear following stimulation
Large pentamer= 10 binding sites
Active complement
Polymeric |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Apsergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus faius; produces afloxtoxins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Coccidiodes immitis
Transmitted by inhalation of dust particles |
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Term
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Definition
General name for fungal disease of hair, skin and nails
Athlete's foot, ringworm of body, head and scalp
Genera are all dematophytes:
trichiphyton
microsporum
epidermophyont
Transmitted by contact or fomites |
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Term
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Definition
Gram negative, rod
Survives stomach
Highly invasice
Leads to septicemia |
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Term
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Definition
Problem with multi-drug resistant strains
Boil may lead to septicemia: endocarditis, nephritis, meningitis, pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
Streptococcus pneumoniae/pneumoccus
Gram positive, encapsulated, diplococcus, opportunist |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease accompanied by wort-like lesions |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by Haemophilus influenzae
Childhood disease for children 6 months to 2 years
Opportunist organism |
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Term
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Definition
Lung disease prevalent in Ohio River Valley
Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
Transmitted by inhaling spores which may develop TB like symptoms
Bird and bat droppings |
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Term
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Definition
Neurotropic viral disease
Poliomyelitis- gray matter of the brain and spinal cord affected
Ingested in contaminated food/water
Multiplies first in tonsils, then lymphoid tissue then GI tract
May get into bloodstream where it invades meninges and leads to paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
Highest mortality rate of any human disease
Transmitted by animal bite
Death can come within days of respiratory paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
Slow liver damage: cirrhosis beyond repair at diagnosis
Mostly transmitted by drug injection or tattoos and piercings |
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Term
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Definition
Second major type of hepatitis
Transmission by direct or indirect contact with bodily fluids
More severe than Hep.A |
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Term
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Definition
Rickettsia typhi
Transmitted by fleas |
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Term
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Definition
Rickettsia prowazekii
Transmitted by body lice
Characteristic fever and maculopapular rash |
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Term
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Definition
May be associated with cervical cancer
Caused by Human Papiloma Virus |
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Term
| Brucellosis/ Undulant Fever |
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Definition
Occupational hazard for people working with animal products
Brucella abortus, B. suis, B. melitensis, B. canis |
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Term
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Definition
Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-Fast, rod
Spread by multiple skin contact or droplet inhalation
Long incubation period of 3 to 6 years |
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Term
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Definition
Grape cluster of gram possitive cocci
Formation of absescess (pus filled lesion)
Carbuncle: deeper abscess when the bacteria enter skin
Scalded Skin Syndrome in infants
Re, wrinkled, tender skin that peel away; exotoxin.
Impetigo contagiosum |
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Term
| Respiratory Syncytial Disease |
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Definition
Most common lower respiratory tract disease in children below 2 years: viral pneumonia
Virus infects tissue, fuse and form giant cells called syncytia |
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Term
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Definition
Enlarged jaw tissues because of swollen salivary glands
Virus transmitted by droplet inhalation, contact and fomites |
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Term
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Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Second most frequently reported STD
small gram, diplococcus
Females: gonoccus enters cervix and urethra, leads to abdominal pain and burning urination. Can lead to P.I.D. 50% show no symptoms
Males: urethra, leads to burning urination and discharge
Newborns: opthalmia neonatorium/congenital gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium tetani
Soilborne
Leads to asphyxiations |
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Term
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Definition
| Possible relationship to multiple sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhabits areas below waist |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhabits areas above waist |
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Term
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Definition
Large viruses
Virus passes cell by intercellular bridges, remains in nerve cells until something triggers it to multiply
Cold sores, herpes encephalitis, neonatal herpes, genital herpes
Gingivostomatitis: cold sores in kids
Herpes keratitis: leads to blindness |
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Term
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Definition
Over 100 rhinoviruses
Major cause of the common cold
Causes Croup in children |
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Term
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Definition
Over 30 types of these that cause the cold
One strain may cause viral meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
Proteus mirablis
Escherichia coli |
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Term
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Definition
Modulates surface antigens
Acute, contagious disease of upper respiratory tract; caused by droplet inhalation
Acute onset: chills, fatigue, headache, 104 degree fever
Secondary complication: Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumotropic viral disease |
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Term
| Endogenous Bacterial Diseases |
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Definition
Actionmycosis: Actinomycesisraelii
Nocardiosis: Nocardia asteroides
Pseudomembraneous colitis: clostridum dificiles
Bacteriodes |
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Term
| Bacterial Conjuctivitis/Pinkeye |
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Definition
Haemophilus aegyptius
Infected conjuctive: inflammed; pink eye
Highly contagious |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by Staphylococcus aeurus
Rapid increase in fever, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat and rash
Sudden drop in BP leads to shock and death.
Associated with tampon use |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by Epstein-Barr herpes virus
Blood disease; B- cells
Leads to heart defects, paralysis of face and ruptured spleen and liver
Causes Burkitt's lymphoma and chronic fatigue syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
First human disease associated with virus
Transmitted by mosquitoes; arbovirus
(arthropod-borne)
Causes jaundice and internal bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
High fever, weakness
Macules= red spots
Papules= fluid filled vessicles
Deep Postules: break open with infectious pus, leads to scars called pocks
Pa |
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Term
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Definition
Chief regulatory cell of immune system
CD4+cell |
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Term
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Definition
Bordetella pertussis
Gram negative, rod
Distinctive cough
Dangerous childhood disease |
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Term
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Definition
Large group of encapsulated Gram positives
Cause: strep throatm otitis media, Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fascitis
Airborne; upper respiratory
Most human disease caused by streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
| Both left and right lungs involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbial disease of the bronchial tubes and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Involvement of an entire lobe of lung |
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Term
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Definition
| Scattered patches of infection in respiratory passageways |
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Term
| Primary Atypical Pneumonia |
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Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pleomorphic, no gram reaction
"Walking Pneumonia"
Atypical: not strep pneumoniae; viral like symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Herpes Virus
Highly contagious, caused by droplet inhalation and skin contact
Affects respiratory tract with fever and headache; bloodstream and localizes in peripheral nerves and skin
Fluid filled vesicles in cutaneous tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Serious complication associated with aspirin to control fever |
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Term
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Definition
Adult disease
Virus multiplies in nerve ganglia, leads to painful blisters and other symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Problem for AIDS patients
Lower Respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Programmed death of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
Lymphocytes that produce anti-bodies
End-stage cell=plasma cell
Second line of defense |
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Term
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Definition
Infection is more superficial and involves patches of epidermis just below outer skin
Mostly affects infants and children
Result of Staphylococcus aeurus |
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Term
| Staphylococcal Skin Diseases |
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Definition
Inhabits skin, mouth, nose and throat
Becomes a disease if it penetrates skin or mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Childhood disease
Highly contagious virus
Affects upper respiratory tract
Fever and rash |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
Worldwide: may be more prevalent than gonorrhea or syphilis
Small gram negative rod
soft chancre at entry site |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause of Kaposi's Sarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
Borrelia recurrentis
Transmitted by lice or ticks |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a Parovirus
Infects children
Fiery, red rash on cheeks and ears |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium botulinum
Most dangerous food poisoning
Exotoxin inhibits the release of AcH which leads to no muscle contraction and then respiratory paralysis. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Soilborne disease |
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Term
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Definition
Yersinia pestis
Organisms multiply in bloodstream, collect in lymph nodes (Buboes)
Becomes septicemic and leads to pneumonic plague |
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Term
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Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis
#1 STD cauging non-gonococcal urethritis
Symptoms are similar to gonorrhea but milder
Grows on living tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Shigella sonnei, S. dyseneriae, S. fleneri, S. boydii |
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Term
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Definition
Corneybacterium diphtheriae
Gram positive bacillus
potent exotoxin
Distinctions symptom= psuedo-membrane
Dead tissue and WBC's lead to asphyxiation |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium pergrigens
Soilborne |
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Term
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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Definition
Rickettsia ricketsii
Macules= pink spots
Papules= red/purple pimples
Maculopapular rash: fusion of spots, dark then red then fade |
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Term
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Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi
Most common tick-borne disease in US
Erythema chronicum migrans- rash that expands from point of origin |
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Term
| Clostridial Food Poisoning |
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Definition
Clostridium perfringens
Gram positive anaerobic sporeformer
Spores contaminate food, germinate and form exotoxin |
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Term
| Staphylococcal Food Poisoning |
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Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram positive coccus
2nd most common food poisoning in US
Exotoxin= enterotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Resistant to stomach
Use of NSAIDS
Gram negative, microaerophillic rod |
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Term
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Definition
Acute inflammation of liver
Most commonly transmitted by food or water
Contaminate by feces infected with virus |
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Term
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Definition
Spirochete
Transmitted through sex
3 Stages:
Primary- hard chancre/ulcer at entry site
Secondary- fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash, possible liver involvement
Tertiary- gumma, soft gummy lesions that leads to degeneration of blood vessels in brain |
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Term
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Definition
Salmonella typhimurium
#1 food-borne illness in US |
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Term
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Definition
Vibrio cholerae
unrelenting loss of fluids |
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Term
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Definition
Pre-cursor to CTL killer cell
CD8+cell |
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Term
| Major Histone Compatibility Complex |
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Definition
"Cassette" of genes that control the cells of adaptive immunity
3 types |
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Term
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Definition
| Small cells that allow immune cells to communicate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
Escherichia coli
Current problem in undercooked hamburger meat, E.coli 0157:H7 |
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Term
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Definition
End-stage cell
Has a ability to actively destroy non-self cells
Cytotoxic T- Lymphocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial destruction of RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
| Total destruction of RBC's |
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Term
| Natural Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
Skin- "desquamtion", sweat and sebacious secretions
Mucous Membranes
Ciliated Epithelium
Various Enzymes: proteolytic and lysozymes
Other Proteins: complement and interferon
pH: fatty acids and stomach
Phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down long chains of proteins into short amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Begins breakdown of some carbohydrates
Active against Gram positives |
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Term
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Definition
Produced in liver
Multiple proteins that lyse and phagocytize infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| "Interferes" with viral proliferation |
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Term
| Non-Specific/Innate Immunity |
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Definition
| Attacks anything foreign to the body |
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Term
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Definition
Generated to respond to a particular parasite
Directed solely at parasite
Expandable
Have a "memory" |
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Term
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Definition
Foreign substance that stimulates the generation of an immune response
Differentiates between self and non-self |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphoid tissue along intestinal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Collects lymph from upper right quadrant |
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Term
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Definition
Very specific receptors for antigens
All look alike but have 2 types: T-Lyphocytes and B-Lypmocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Develops in Thymus
Cannot produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Develops in adult red bone marrow
Can make antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Found in tissues and organs
Play a major role in immunity
Phagocytose antigen
Degrade the process antigen
Re-Display processed antigen on surface of cell
Transport processed antigen to lympoig tissue where T and B cells are waiting.
Lysosome, phagosome, phagolysome |
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Term
| Anti-Body Mediated Immunity (Humoral) |
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Definition
| Defense processes are mediated by antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Defense mechanism that are mediated by T-Cells, eukaryotic pathogens, and antigen marked cell (infected, cancer, mutation)
Delayed-type hypersensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Normal microbiota |
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Term
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Definition
Natural killer cells
Phagocytic WBC's
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substances |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized Lymphocytes
T and B cells
Antibodies |
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