Term
| What type of immunity involves non-specific defenses or barriers to infection which are always present (in healthy individuals)? |
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Definition
| Innate or Natural Immunity |
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Term
| What type of immunity is a response that is directed toward a specific pathogen and develops over time and has 'memory'? |
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Definition
| adaptive or acquired immunity |
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Term
| does reactivity of adaptive immunity change with repeated exposures? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the different components of innate immunity? |
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Definition
physical (barriers, flushing)
chemical (complement and lysozyme in tears)
cellular (phagocytic cells) |
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Term
| Skin, mucous, membranes and chemicals are all part of which type and line of defense? |
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Definition
| nonspecific defences; first line |
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Term
| phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation and fever are all part of which line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytes and antibodies are all part of which line of defense? |
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Definition
| specific defenses; 3rd line |
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Term
| At completion, what does the complement system accomplish? |
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Definition
| punches a hole in bacterial membrane; cell lysis |
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Term
| where are the series of complement molecules located? what do they interact with to cause bacterial cell death? what type of reaction is it? |
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Definition
in the serum
- interact with bacterial cell membrane and each other
- series of reactions which act as a cascade (product of one active on next in chain) |
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Term
| What do the products of the complement system do? |
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Definition
- amplify reactions
- increase permeability of blood vessels
- attract cells to site of reaction
- make targed "more attractive to phagocytosis" by immune cells (opsonization)
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Term
| What are the three C activation pathways? |
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Definition
- Lectin Pathway: interact with cell surface substance (lectin binding to pathogen surfaces) alternate
- Alternate Pathway: interact with bacterial products (pathogen surfaces) alternate
- Classic Pathway: interact with antibodies bound to antigens adaptive
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Term
| what is the recognition unit made up of? and what system is it for? |
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Definition
| it is made up of some of the initial components; for complement system |
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Term
| The final product of the complement system is what? |
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Definition
| the membrane attack complex |
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Term
| What is the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) |
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Definition
| final part of complement system; group of terminal complement components that assemble to create a pore in lipid bilayer membrane of bacteria = cell lysis |
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Term
| list the 5 steps of the membrane attack complex: |
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Definition
- C5b binds C6 + C7
- C8 attaches C5C6C7 to bacterial membrane
- C9 binds to membrane
- up to 16 moleculs of C9 polymerize
- pore forms in membrane; cell lysis
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Term
| C-Reactive protein is an example of what? What do these types of substances do? |
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Definition
- an Acute Phase Reactant
- rapidly increase quantity in blood at onset of infection
- may have antibacterial properties or involved in sequestration of essential nutrients
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Term
| What do Interferon alpha and beta do? What are they produced by? |
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Definition
produced by virally infected cells
- bind to receptors on other cells and prompt them to produce antiviral proteins |
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Term
| what does Interferon Y (gamma) do? What is it produced by? |
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Definition
produced by lymphocytes
- communicates with other cells in immune system |
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Term
| What do Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) do? What are they? |
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Definition
- they are membrane proteins on phagocytic cells
- react to shapes of various substances (or fragments) produced by invading organisms (bact or virus)
- act to alert cells to infection
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Term
| How to Toll Like Receptors alert cells to infection? |
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Definition
- secretion of interferons or other cytokines (cell msnger molecules) to stimulate immune response
- cause apoptosis of infected cells
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Term
| List some phagocytic cells. What immune system are they part of? |
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Definition
- neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells
- part of innate system but role in activating specific
- when activated by Y interferon they become part of specific
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Term
| what activates phagocytic cells to become part of specific system? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 5 steps of phagocytosis of bacteria: |
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Definition
- attachment
- ingestion
- fusion of phagosome and lysosome
- digestion
- release of digested products from cell
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Term
| What phagocytes cause an acute phagocytic response to infection (pus)? |
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Definition
| granulocytes (especially neutrophils) |
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Term
| Which phagocytic cells work against microbes and worn out blood cells as an infection progresses? They are also involed in cell mediated immunity. |
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Definition
monocytes / macrophages
(wandering or fixed macrophages and histiocytes) |
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Term
| What do mast cells contain? |
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Definition
| granules that are rich in histamine and inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| When are the granules of mast cells released? What does this promote? |
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Definition
on stimulation of complement products and IgE
promote local inflammation |
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Term
| List the "Players" of innate immunity |
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Definition
- complement
- acute phase reactants
- interferon
- toll like receptors
- phagocytic cells
- mast cells
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