Term
| What is potential energy? |
|
Definition
-stored energy
-water behind a dam |
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Term
|
Definition
-energy of motion
-free energy available to do work
-movement of water from behind a dam |
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Term
|
Definition
-biodegradation
-energy-releasing processes
-breakdown of compounds in order to produce ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
-biosynthesis
-energy-consuming processes
-utilize stored energy to synthesize macromolecules |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
-linear
-branched
-cyclical |
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Term
| Is ATP formed or used in catabolism/anabolism? |
|
Definition
-ATP are made in catabolism
-ATP are used in anabolism |
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Term
| What are the characteristics and functions of enzymes? |
|
Definition
-enzymes are biologically active proteins
-produced from genes w/in DNA
-are catalysts
-can be recycled
-end in "-ase" |
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Term
| How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
they lower the activation energy
-strain on the bond lowers activation energy |
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Term
|
Definition
enzymes bind their substrates at the active site
-active site molded to fit substrate
-lock & key shape |
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Term
| What factors can affect enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
-temperature
-pH
-salt concentration (low) |
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Term
|
Definition
non-protein, organic/inorganic compounds
(tend to be small molecules) |
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Term
|
Definition
-organic
-come & go
-carry/shuttle ATP |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of enzyme inhibition? |
|
Definition
Competitive
-blocks correct substrate from binding
-usually permanent
Noncompetitive/allosteric
-inhibitor binds to allosteric site
-changes shape & temp. prevents substrate from binding
-indirectly block active site |
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|
Term
| What is feedback inhibition? |
|
Definition
a form of allosteric inhibition
-when end product binds to active site of 1st enzyme in a pathway
-allows pathways to self-regulate |
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Term
| Why is ATP a high-energy molecule? |
|
Definition
-fuels enzymatic reactions
-energy currency of the cell
-energy is stored in the chemical bonds between the phosphate groups
-energy to produce ATP comes from catabolic metabolism of organic molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
the loss of electrons, release energy
(LEO) |
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Term
|
Definition
the gain of electrons, gain energy
(GER) |
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Term
| What are the 2 primary electron carriers and what is their job? |
|
Definition
NAD+ (oxidized)
NADH (reduced)
&
FAD (oxidized)
FADH2 (reduced)
-they are electron "taxis" |
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Term
| What are precursor metabolites? |
|
Definition
intermediate products produced in catabolic pathways that are used in anabolic pathways
-serve as carbon skeleton for building macromolecules |
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Term
|
Definition
-10 step oxidation of glucose into 2 pyruvate
-generates ATP & NADH
-net gain of 2 ATP (sub. level phosph.)
-net gain of 2 NADH (from redox rxns)
-produces 6 different precursor metabolites
-functions with or without oxygen |
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Term
| What happens in the preparatory stage of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
- 2 ATP used
- glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules (PGAL & DHAP)
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Term
| What happens in the pay-off stage of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
- 4 ATP produced (sub. level phosphorylation)
- 2 NADH produced
- 2 PGAL oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid
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Term
| What is substrate phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| ATP using chemical energy to add phosphate ion to ADP |
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Term
| How does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) contribute to glycolysis? |
|
Definition
- aids glycolysis in brekdown of glucose
- converts 6-carbon sugars to 5-carbon sugars
- yields PGAL to enter into glycolysis
- major contributor to biosynthesis (anabolism)
- produces reducing power = NADPH
- produces 2 vital precursor metabolites
- functions with or without oxygen
- end @ pay-off stage of glycolysis
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Term
| Wht is formed in the transition step? |
|
Definition
- 2 NADH per glucose are produced
- pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized & decarboxylated into Acetyl Co-A
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Term
| What is formed, per glucose, in the Krebs cycle? Are there precursor metabolites? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the Electron Transport Chain? |
|
Definition
| a series of membrane-bound carrier molecules that are oxidized and reduced as e- are passed down the chain to terminal e- acceptor |
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Term
| Where is the ETC located in bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is a Proton Motive Force? |
|
Definition
Protons (H+) are pumped from inside the cell to the outside as e- are passed
- creates H+ concentration gradient
- used by ATP synthase to generate ATP (chemiosmosis)
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Term
| What is aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| final electron acceptor in ETC is molecular O2 |
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Term
| What is anaerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
final electron acceptor in ETC is NOT O2
-yields less energy than aerobic resp. |
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Term
| What is ATP Synthase and what fuels it? |
|
Definition
creates ATP by transporting H+ back into the cell (Proton Motor vis Chemiosmosis)
- ADP + Pi -> ATP
- 3 protons (H+) to make 1 ATP
- 1 NADH = 3 ATP
- 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
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Term
How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule through both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
AEROBIC
Glycolysis = 2 ATP (sp)
TCA Cycle = 2 ATP (sp)
ETC = 34 ATP (ox. phos.)
Total = 38 ATP
ANAEROBIC
Glycolysis = 2 ATP (sp)
Partial TCA & ETC = 30 ATP (ox. phos.)
Total = 32 ATP |
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Term
| Why do organisms use fermentation? |
|
Definition
- used by organisms that cannot respire
- ATP (2) is produced only in glycolysis
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Term
| What is the substitute terminal electron acceptor of fermentation? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate or another organic molecule |
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Term
| What group/type of enzymes are necessary for breaking down macromolecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harvesting energy from sunlight to make ATP and sugar; and fix CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| utilize inorganic compounds as energy source for ETC |
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Term
| What purpose do anabolic pathways serve and what are their substrates? |
|
Definition
| they synthesize macromolecules |
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