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Micro Exam II
Immune Response
47
Medical
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2009

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Cards

Term
What are the two first line anatomical defenses in the human body?
Definition
skin and mucous membranes
Term
Specialized cells that engulf and digest microbes and cellular debris
Definition
phagocytes
Term
What are the chemical messengers that allow communication between cells of the immune system?
Definition
cytokines
Term
Microbial invasion or tissue damage initiates what type of immune response?
Definition
inflammation
Term
Lysozymes
Definition
are enzymes that degrade peptioglycan
Term
Peroxidase
Definition
breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen
Term
lactoferrin
Definition
sequesters iron from microorganisms (harms iron essential microbs)
Term
defensins
Definition
are antimicrobial peptides that phagocytes insert into microbial membranes
Term
How are normal flora apart/not apart of the immune system
Definition
not technically part of the body/immune system, but provides significant protection through COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION.
Term
What happens to the number of immune cells in the blood during infection
Definition
Number of immune cells INCREASE during _______
Term
Where are blood cells produced (both RBC and immune cells)
Definition
Bone marrow is the site of production of these cells.
Term
Erythrocytes are also known as
Definition
Red blood cells are also known as
Term
Granulocytes are made up of three types of cells
Definition
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils make up this category of the immune system
Term
Neutrophils can be described as
Definition
the most abundant and important granulocytes in innate response
Term
Basophils are involved with which immune system function
Definition
This type of granulocyte is involved in allergic reaction
Term
Lymphocytes are involved in what type of immunity? Adaptive or Innate.
Definition
Adaptive Immunity include these types of cells (B cells and T cells)
Term
Cytokines have numerous classes of chemicals. what are some of them (5 classes).
Definition
Chemokines (need for chemotaxis)

Colony stimulating factors (help leukocytes mature correctly)

Interferons (control response to viral infections)

Interleukins (made by leukocytes)

Tumor necrosis factor (needed to initiate inflammation)
Term
What are adhesion molecules responsible for?
Definition
These type of molecules help recruit phagocytes to injured area (by making the phagocytes "slow down" and leak into surrounding vessels).
Term
What three responses to injury/infection are result of the sensor/complement system (ie blood proteins 1-9)?
Definition
Inflammation, Opsonization, Lysis of foreign cells are all a result of what system in immunity? (nine types of blood proteins)
Term
what is the activity OPSONIZATION?
Definition
the activity in which phagocytes easily "grab" particles (ability for a cell to engulf foreign bodies)
Term
When a phagocyte engulfes an invader, what do we call the new blob?
Definition
Phagosome is describe as what
Term
FIVE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION! IN ORDER! THIS IS DAMN IMPORTANT!
Definition
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function
Term
What is the purpose/outcome of inflammation?
Definition
limit damage and restore function is the purpose/outcome of this process.
Term
What is apoptosis?
Definition
programmed cell death.
Term
Pyrogens are whats-its?
Definition
Fever-inducing substances that trigger the temperature regulation center.
Term
How long does primary response take? Is this innate or adaptive?
Definition
May take a week or more to develop. This is adaptive! (First response does not save you this time around but will help out next time you kiss your sick boyfriend!)
Term
What types of cells make antibodies? Where are these cells produced in the body? What type of immune response is this?
Definition
B-cells (lymphocytes), develop in bone marrow. ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE!
Term
What types of lymphocytes help with antigen recognition?
Definition
Helper T Cells do this function.
Term
Name some types of secondary lymphoid organs (think where T & B cells hang out, waiting for infection)
Definition
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Adenoids
Appendix
Term
Name the two primary lymphoid organs (think where T & B cells are PRODUCED)
Definition
bone marrow
thymus
Term
What three things does an antibody successfully do once binded to an antigen?
Definition
Neutralizes an toxins made by antigen

immobilizes cell by interacting with membrane

agglutination= clumps bacterial cells to be more easily phagocytized.
Term
Immunoglobulins are divided into five classes. Please just NAME the classes.
Definition
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Term
Describe IgM
Definition
First of the antibodies to respond to infection (think blood "M"arker)

Found on surface of B cells

The only antibody formed by the fetus.
Term
What is IgG best known for!
Definition
The antibody of memory!!!!!

(also, only antibody to cross placenta)
Term
Where are IgAs found
Definition
secretions (breast milk, tears and saliva) and mucus membranes
Term
IgD is responsible for?
Definition
The MATURATION of antibody response
Term
IgE causes what reaction?
Definition
Allergic Reaction (think: "Elergic")
Term
Whats so different between B cells and T cells?
Definition
T cells never produce antibodies.
Term
What does MHC molecule stand for? Where are we gonna find it?
Definition
Major Histocompatability Complex molecule. Found on T cells. Purpose to cradle antigen during presentation to helper T.
Term
Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells, destroy what?
Definition
these cells destroy infected or cancerous "self" cells
Term
Unlike T cells and B cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells lack what?
Definition
NK cells do not have antigen receptors.
Term
What is naturally active acquired immunity?
Definition
Immunity that results from an immune response in an individual upon EXPOSURE to an INFECTIOUS AGENT.
Term
What is naturally passive acquired immunity?
Definition
Immunity that results when ANTIBODIES from a woman are TRANSFERRED to her developing fetus during PREGNANCY or to an infant during BREAST FEEDING.
Term
What is artificial active acquired immunity?
Definition
Immunity that results from an immune response in an individual upon VACCINATION.
Term
What is artificially passive acquired immunity?
Definition
Immunity that results when ANTIBODIES contained in the serum of OTHER PEOPLE or animals are INJECTED into individuals.
Term
What is an attenuated vaccine?
Definition
Scientists have created a mild form of a virus that looks similar to the real one. Rare to cause sickness, body creates immunity against the real virus.
Term
What is a titer?
Definition
the measurement of antibody concentration in the blood. Indicates a previous exposure.
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