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Definition
| individual mature virus material |
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Term
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Definition
| exposed proteins on the outside of an envelope virus |
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Definition
| a virus that specifically infects bacteria |
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Definition
| an enzyme present normally in cells that cleaves specific locations on DNA; used to splice genes in genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| Limitation imposed by the characteristics of the host cell on the type of virus that can successfully invade it |
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Term
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Definition
| can last weeks or host's lifetime; several can periodically reactivate |
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Term
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Definition
| mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
- misfolded proteins that contain no nucleic acid
- resistant to visual sterilization techniques
- can cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
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Term
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Definition
dependent on the other viruses for replication
ex: adeno-associated virus, delta agent |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
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Term
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Definition
| must be provided to an organisim |
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Term
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Definition
- required in large quantities
- plays roles in cell structure and metabolism
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Term
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Definition
- required in small amounts
- involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
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Term
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Definition
| must obtain carbon in organic form made by the living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
- an organism that uses CO2 as its carbon source
- not nutrionally dependent on other living things
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Term
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Definition
| gain energy from chemical compunds |
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Term
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Definition
| gain energy from photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses O2 & can detoxify it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| requires only a small amount of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| does not use O2 but it is able to grown in an O2 environment |
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Term
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Definition
| grows best in an CO2 environment |
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Term
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Definition
| grows at extreme alkaline pH |
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Term
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Definition
| grows at high concentration of salt |
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Term
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Definition
| can survive under extreme pressure but will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 member benefits, the other isn't harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 benefits while the other is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| members cooperate & share nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| some members are inhibited or destroyed by others |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of cloudiness, reflects bacterial population size |
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Term
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Definition
| all types of genes canstitute the genetic makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| expression of the genotype creates observable traits (physical) |
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Term
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Definition
| info shared on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which the infor contained in RNA molecule is used to produce proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| allows for the synthesis of many protein molecules simultaneously from the same mRNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in phenotype due to change in genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural, nonmutated characteristic (wild strain) |
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Term
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Definition
| division of bacterial cells (transverse) |
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Term
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Definition
| process to destroy all viable microbes; including viruses & endospores |
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Term
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Definition
| process to destroy vegetative pathogens NOT endospores on inanimate objects |
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Term
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Definition
| disinfectant applied directly to exposed body surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specfied temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10mins |
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Term
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Definition
internittent sterilization for substances that cannot withstand autoclaving
- repeated steaming and incubation cycles needed
- disinfectant
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Term
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Definition
heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage w/o destroying the food flavor or value
- not sterilization
- lowers microbe count
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Term
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Definition
gradual removal of H2O from cells, leads to metabolic inhibition
- cells still retain ability to grow when H2O is reintroduced
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Term
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Definition
| freese drying; preservation |
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Term
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Definition
physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter
- used to sterilize heat sensitive liquidds & air in hospital isolation units & industrial clean rooms
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Term
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Definition
group of chemicals w/anti microbial applications
- chlorine: denatures proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds
- iodine (betadine): interferes w/disulfide bonds of proteins
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Term
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Definition
disrupts cell walls & membranes & precipitate proteins
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Term
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Definition
ethyl, isopropyl in solutions of 50-95%
- acts as surfactants, dissolving membrane lipids & coagulating proteins of vegetative bacterial cells & fungi
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Term
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Definition
| provides highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals that damage protein & DNA while also decomposing to O2 gas (toxic to anarobes) |
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