Term
| TYPES OF PHYSICAL CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH |
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Definition
| STERILIZATION, COMMERCIAL STERILIZATION, DISINFECTION, ANTISEPSIS, DEGERMING AND SANITIZATION |
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Term
| DEFINE STERILIZATION/AND HOW |
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Definition
| DESTRUCTION OR REMOVAL OF ALL FORMS OF MICROBIAL LIFE*INCLUDING ENDOSPORES*BUT NOT PRIONS...DONE BY STEAM UNDER PRESSURE OR STERILIZING GAS(ETHYLENE OXIDE) |
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Term
| DEFINE COMMERCIAL STERILIZATION/AND HOW |
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Definition
| SUFFICIENT HEAT TREATMENT TO KILL ENDOSPORES OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM IN CANNED FOOD...MORE RESISTANT ENDOSPORES MAY SURVIVE BUT THEY WILL NOT GERMINATE-GROW UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES |
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Term
| DFINE DISINFECTION/ AND HOW |
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Definition
| DESTRUCTION OF VEG. PATHOGENS..BOTH PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS |
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Term
| DEFINE ANTISEPSIS/AND HOW |
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Definition
| DESTRUCTION OF VEG. PATHOGENS *ON LIVING TISSUE*...ALMOST ALWAYS CHEMICAL ANTIMICROBIALS |
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Term
| DEFINE DEGERMING/ AND HOW |
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Definition
| REMOVAL OF MICROBES FROM A LIMITED AREA-SKIN AROUND AN INJECTION SITE...MECHANICAL REMOVAL W/ALCOHOL SOAKED SWAB |
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Term
| DEFINE SANITIZATION/AND HOW |
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Definition
| TREATMENT INTENDED TO LOWER MOCROBIAL COUNTS ON EATING UTENSIL TO SAFE PUBLIC HEALTH LEVELS...HT WASHING OR DIPPING INTO A CHEM DISINFECTANT |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME INFLUENCES OF EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIMICRO TREATMENTS-SUCH AS RATE OF MICROBIAL DEATH |
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Definition
# OF MICROBES
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES (ORGANIC MATTER MIGHT NEED HIGHER HEAT..BLOOD.VOMIT.FECES)
TIME OF EXPOSURE
MICROBIAL CHARACTERISTICS(G-.G+.ENVELOPE.PRIONS) |
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Term
| HOW DO VARIOUS AGENTS ACTUALLY CONTROL CELLULAR STRUCTURES |
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Definition
*AGENTS CAN ALTER MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY BY DAMAGING THE PROTEINS/LIPIDS WHICH CAUSE THE CELL TO LEAK
*DAMAGE TO THE PROTEINS/NUCLEIC ACIDS-1.THE PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES WHICH CARRY OUT THE CELL ACTIVITIES..THE H/COVALENT BONDS CAN BE BROKEN-DENATURATION (ADD A SULFATE OR AMINO ACID
2 DAMAGE TO THE NUCL ACIDS INHIBITS DNA/RNA REPLICATION |
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Term
| COMPARE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOIST HEAT AND DRY HEAT |
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Definition
1*BOILING-KILLS VEG PATHOGENS, MOST VIRUSES, FUNGI, AND THEIR SPORES W/IN 10 MIN.-2HRS*NOT VERY RELIABLE BUT KILLS MOST PATHOGENS
2*AUTOCLAVE REQUIRES TEMP ABOVE BOILING.STEAM UNDER PRESSURE.PREFERRED METHOD UNLESS MATERIAL DAMAGED BY HEAT/MOISTURE.
3*PASTEURIZATION-INTENT TO LOWER PATHOGENS TO PROLONG QUALITY W/OUT DAMAGING TASTE..METHODS=UHT AND HTST
4*DRY HEAT
-FLAMING.EFFECTIVE STERILIZATION AND INCINERATION.BURN TO ASHES
-HOT AIR STERILIZATION.IN AN OVEN 170'C 2HRS (TAKES LONGER DUE TO TRANSFER OF HEAT TO COOL ITEM)
**DRY HEAT KILLS BY OXIDATION
MOIST-KILLS BY COAGULATING PROTEINS(DENATURING) LIKE EGG FRYING** |
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Term
| HOW DOES FILTRATION SUPPRESS MICROBIAL GROWTH |
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Definition
| THE PASSAGE OF A LIQUID/GAS THRU MEMBRANE FILTERS SCREENLIKE MATERIAL RETAINS MICROORGANISMS. USED FOR HEAT-SENSITIVE MATERIALS LIKE CULTURE MEDIA, ENZYMES, VACCINES AND ANTIBIOTIC SOLUTIONS. AIR FILTER=HEPA HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR FILTER |
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Term
| HOW DOES RADIATION KILL CELLS |
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Definition
DEPENDS ON WAVELENGTH, INTENSITY, AND DURATION "STERILIZING RADIATION"
1 IONIZING
GAMMA(cobolt)penetrate deep/long time to sterilize large masses*THE FOOD INDUSTRY USES LOW-LEVEL ION RAD FOR SPICES/SOME MEAT/VEG.PRINCIPAL EFFECT IS TO RADIATE WATER=HIGHLY REACTIVE HYDROXYL RADICALS WHICH REACT W ORGANIC CELL=DNA.
X RAYS
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON BEAMS(lower penetrating power but need only seconds of exposure)USED TO STERILIZE PHARMACEUTICALS/DISPOSABLE DENTAL-MED SUPPLIES/PLASTIC SYRINGES/SUTURING MATERIAL/CATHETERS*POSTAL SERVICE USES TOO FOR MAIL-ANTHRAX
*all HAVE SHORTEST WAVELENGTH WHICH CARRIES MORE ENERGIES THAN NONIONIZING.
2 NONIONIZING=LONG WAVELENGTH=UV LIGHT. DAMAGES THE DNA*ORGANISMS MUST BE DIRECTLY EXPOSED.CONTROLS MICROS IN THE AIR"GERMICIDAL LAMP"-ITS CONSIDERED A DISINFECTANT DOES NOT PENETRATE*NOTE THE SUN UV RAYS ARE TOO SHORT TO KILL MOST BACTERIA SCREENED BY OZONE
3 MICROWAVES=NOT MUCH EFFECT DUE TO SOLID FOODS HEAT UNEVENLY=UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF MOISTURE=TRICHENELLOSIS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF THERMAL DEATH POINT.. TDP |
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Definition
| IT IS THE LOWEST TEMP AT WHICH ALL MICROORGANISMS IN A LIQUID SUSPENSION WILL BE KILLED IN 10 MINUTES |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF THERMAL DEATH TIME...TDT |
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Definition
| THE MINIMAL LENGTH OF TIME FOR ALL BACTERIA IN A PARTICULAR LIQUID TO BE LIKKED AT A GIVED TEMP |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF DECIMAL REUCTION TIME...DRT OR D VALUE |
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Definition
| IS THE TIME IN MINUTES IN WHICH 90% OF A POP. OF BACTERIA AT A GIVEN TEMP WILL BE KILLED |
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Term
| HOW DOES LOW TEMP, HIGH PRESSURE SUPPRESS MICROBIAL GROWTH |
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Definition
LOW=DEPENDING ON PARTICULATE-THE METABOLIC RATE MIGHT BE REDUCED AT REFRIGERATOR TEMP SO THEY WILL NOT REPRODUCE/SYNTHESIZE TOXINS *PSYCHOTROPHS DO THOUGH
THE SLOW FREEZE IS HARMFUL TO BACTERIA BUT 1/3 SURVIVE=TRICHINELLOSIS IN THE FREEZE-THAW CYCLE
HIGH=IS TRANSFERRED EVENLY THRU SUSPENSIONS INSTANTLY IF HIGH ENOUGH.IT ALTERS THE MOLECULE STRUCTURES OF PROTEIN/CARBS RESULTING IN RAPID INACTIVATION OF VEG. BACTERIA CELLS
**ENDOSPORES ARE RESISTANT UNLESS COMBINE HIGH PRESS WITH ELEVATED TEMP TO CAUSE GERMINATION AS IN FRUIT JUICES |
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Term
| HOW DOES DESICATION, AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE SUPPRESS MICROBIAL GROWTH |
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Definition
DESICATION=ABSENCE OF WATER.CAN NOT GROW OR REPRODUCE BUT REMAIN VIABLE FOR YRS.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE=USE OF HIGH CONC OF SALTS/SUGARS TO PRESERVE FOOD-HIGH CONC SUBSTANCE CREATES HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT THAT CAUSES WATER TO LEAVE THE CELL. SALT-CURE MEAT.SUGAR-PRESERVE FRUITS.BOTH RESEMBLES EA OTHER BC BOTH METHODS DENY THE CELL MOISTURE IT NEEDS FOR GROWTH. MOLDS AND YEASTS MOST CAPABLE OF GROWING IN BOTH-LIKE ACIDIC COND AND MOLDS CAUSE SPOILAGE OF FRUITS/GRAINS/MILDEW |
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Term
| DESICCATION VARIES IN SPECIES GIVE EXAMPLES OF TIME |
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Definition
GONORRHEA BACTERIUM=1HR
TUBERCULOSIS BACTERIUM=MONTHS
BACTERIAL SPORES=CENTURIES |
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Term
| WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR FREEZE-DRYING |
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Definition
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Term
| TYPES OF CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH |
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Definition
| DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS |
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Term
| OSMOTIC PRESSURE UNDERGOES ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| QUATERNATY AMMONIUM COMPOUND (QUAT) |
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Definition
cationic detergent w 4 organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom;
used as a disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
| a toxic condition resulting from the growth and spread of bacteria in blood and tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| electromagnetic radiaion w wavelength between 1021-1023m |
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Term
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Definition
| process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying endospores of Clostridium butulinum. |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex of iodine and a detergent |
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Term
| what is hot-air sterilization |
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Definition
| sterilization by the use of an oven at 170'C for approx 2 hrs |
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Term
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Definition
| equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure operated at 15psi and 121'C |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques used in surgery to prevent microbial contamination of the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution in aqueous alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| a synthetic derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant |
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Term
| the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| define the oligodynamic action |
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Definition
| the ability of small amount of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity |
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Term
| Pasteurizing at 72'C for 15 seconds |
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Definition
| high-temperature short time (HTST)pasteurization |
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Term
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Definition
| method of determing the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of sterilizing an inoculation loop by holding it in an open flame. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule with the functional group |
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Term
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Definition
an agar-diffusion test to determine microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents
***also called Kirby-Bauer test |
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Term
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Definition
| a cacinogen formed by the combination of nitrite and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant |
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Term
| what does it mean if something is thermoduric |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic |
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Term
| what is a surface-active agent |
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Definition
| any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lyng on the surface of a liquid; also called surfactant |
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Term
| what is UHT ultra-high-temp treatment |
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Definition
| a method of treating food with high temp (140-150'C) for very short times to make the food sterile so that it can be stored at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization; (UV) radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| killing of all microorganisms, including endospores-not prions |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermination |
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Term
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Definition
| high-energy radiation with a wavelength less that 1nm; causes ionizaion. XRays and gamma rays |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the following elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule with the functional group --OH |
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Term
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Definition
| report of antibiotic susceptibility of a bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| different methods that have the same effect on controlling microbial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemical agents are used on living tissue as ____________ and inanimate objects as _____________. |
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Definition
| antiseptics;disinfectants |
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Term
| Few chemical agents achieve sterility(T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| Principles of effective disinfection |
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Definition
1 careful attention to the properties and conc of the deinfectant to be used
2 consider presence of organic matter, degree of contact w microorganisms & temp |
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Term
| what method of test are used for evaluating a disinfectant |
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Definition
| use-dilution test(EFFECTIVENESS against viruses, endospore-forming, mycobacteria, and fungi) and disk-diffusion method (EFFICACY-zone of inhibition) |
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Term
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Definition
| sterilization-ethylene oxide;commer. ster-chlostridium bot;degerming-alcohol swab;sanitization-washingHT/dip;sepsis-decay;asepsis-noncontaminated;large autoclaves-retorts;thermoduric-heat resistant;pasteurize-phosphatase test;dry heat-oxidation;flaming-incinerate;hot-air ster-oven;high press- endospores resistant;combinationLH pressure-kill endospores;desiccation-osmotic pressure;lyophilization-freeze drying-preserve |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit correct replication of DNA |
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Term
| protein denaturation is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| Moist Heat-Boiling,Autoclaving,Pasteurization |
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Term
| Burning to ashes is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| Direct flaming and incineration- both dry heat |
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Term
| oxidation is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| hot air sterilization-dry heat |
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Term
| seperation of bacteria from suspending liquid is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| filtration is useful for sterilizing liquids (enzymes, vaccines) that are destroyed by heat |
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Term
| decreased chemical reactions and possible changes in proteins is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| refrigeration, deep-freezing, lyophilizaion---cold methods* food-frug-culture |
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Term
| alters the molecular structure of preteins and carbohydrates is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| high pressure-preservation of color, flavors, and nutrient value of fruit juices |
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Term
| disruption of metabolism is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| desiccation; food preservation by removing water from micros;primarily bacteriostatic |
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Term
| plasmolysis is the mechanism of action for what PHYSICAL method of control |
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Definition
| osmotic pressure; food preservation; results in loss of water from cells |
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Term
| In radiation which method of PHYSICAL control destructs the DNA |
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Definition
| Ionizing;sterilizing of pharmaceutical and med/dental supplies;not widespread |
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Term
| In radiation which method of PHYSICAL control damages the DNA |
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Definition
| nonionizing;radiation does not penetrate;control of closed environment with UV (germicidal) lamp |
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Term
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Definition
| Lister-phenol(control surgical infections);phenol-carbolic acid;phenol-control odor; |
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Term
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Definition
| phenolics-chemically altered to reduce its irritating qualities or increase antibacterial activity in combination w soap/detergent |
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Term
| phenols injure what which result in leakage of cellular contents |
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Definition
| lipid-containing plasma membranes such as the cell wall of mycobacteria(tb and leprosy) are rich in lipids which make them susceptible to phenol derivitives |
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Term
| what is a useful property of phenolics as disinfectants |
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Definition
| they remain active in the presence of organic compounds-are stable-and persist for long periods after applica |
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Term
| what are phenolics suitable agents for disinfecting |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of chemicals called cresols are phenolics derived from ______ |
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Definition
| coal tar; O-phenylphenol the main ingredient in Lysol-GOOD surface disinfectant |
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Term
| Another derivative of phenol that contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge |
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Definition
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Term
| name the bisphenol used as an ingredient of prescription lotion and used in nurseries because g+ staphylococci and streptococci (which cause skin infections) are very susceptible to it |
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Definition
| HEXACHLOROPHENE (pHisoHex)surgical/hospital micro control |
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Term
| an ingredient in antibacterial soap and at least one toothpaste is a widely used bisphenol. name it and what does it do |
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Definition
| TRICLOSAN inhibits an enzyme needed for the biosynthesis of fatty acids(lipids) which affect the integrity of the plasma membrane;works well on yeasts,g+ and g- except pseudomonas aeruginosa(g-) |
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Term
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Definition
| hexachlorophene-pHisoHex(lotion);triclosan-antibacterial soap-NOT pseudomonas aeruginosa though |
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Term
| broad spectrum activity EXCEPTING THE PSEUDOMONADS with a mode of action primarily affecting bacterial cell membrane |
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Definition
| BIGUANIDES; except pseudomonads especially effective on g+/g-;these are NOT sporicidal but have some activity against enveloped viruses. Most common biguanide=chlorhexidine (control skin/mucous membranes) another is alexidine=hand scrub |
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Term
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Definition
| chlorhexidine-skin/mucous membrane;alexidine-hand scrub;biguanides-g+/g- except pseudomonads |
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